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Phenylephrine, sold under the brand names Neosynephrine and Sudafed PE among others, is a medication used as a decongestant for uncomplicated nasal congestion in the form of a nasal spray or oral tablet, [5] to dilate the pupil, to increase blood pressure given intravenously in cases of low blood pressure, and to relieve hemorrhoids as a suppository.
Etilefrine, sold under the brand name Effortil among others, is a sympathomimetic medication used as an antihypotensive agent to treat orthostatic hypotension. [1] It is usually used by mouth, but is also available as an injectable. [3] [4] Side effects of etilefrine include nausea, tremors, and palpitations, among others. [5]
Atipamezole is licensed in the United States for intramuscular injection (IM) in dogs; it is, however, used off-label in cats, rabbits, [14] and farm animals such as horses and cows, [12] as well as in zoo medicine for reptiles (including tortoises, turtles, and alligators), armadillos, hippopotamuses, giraffes, okapi, and others.
Veterinarians use dexmedetomidine for similar purposes in treating cats, dogs, and horses. [10] [11] It is also used in humans to treat acute agitation associated with schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. [5] It is administered as an injection or intravenous solution or as a buccal or sublingual film. [1]
Metaraminol or ephedrine, where hypotension may occur secondary to the sedating drugs. Phenylephrine – This drug is administered to those with hypotension post intubation as a result of lidocaine, midazolam, fentanyl, Propofol, and ketamine. The dosages range from 50 to 200 μg in adults.
Metaraminol, also known as metaradrine and sold under the brand names Aramine and Pressonex among others, is a sympathomimetic medication which is used in the prevention and treatment of hypotension (low blood pressure), particularly as a complication of anesthesia. [1] [4] [5] It is given by intramuscular or intravenous administration. [1] [2]