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Haskell provides a Rational type, which is really an alias for Ratio Integer (Ratio being a polymorphic type implementing rational numbers for any Integral type of numerators and denominators). The fraction is constructed using the % operator. [3] OCaml's Num library implements arbitrary-precision rational numbers.
Primitive wrapper classes are not the same thing as primitive types. Whereas variables, for example, can be declared in Java as data types double, short, int, etc., the primitive wrapper classes create instantiated objects and methods that inherit but hide the primitive data types, not like variables that are assigned the data type values. [2]
Integer are reference objects, on the surface no different from List, Object, and so forth. To convert from an int to an Integer, one had to "manually" instantiate the Integer object. As of J2SE 5.0, the compiler will accept the last line, and automatically transform it so that an Integer object is created to store the value 9. [2]
In object-oriented languages, string functions are often implemented as properties and methods of string objects. In functional and list-based languages a string is represented as a list (of character codes), therefore all list-manipulation procedures could be considered string functions.
invoke virtual method on object objectref and puts the result on the stack (might be void); the method is identified by method reference index in constant pool (indexbyte1 << 8 | indexbyte2) ior 80 1000 0000 value1, value2 → result bitwise int OR irem 70 0111 0000 value1, value2 → result logical int remainder ireturn ac 1010 1100
A method returns to the code that invoked it when it completes all the statements in the method, reaches a return statement, or throws an exception, whichever occurs first. You declare a method's return type in its method declaration. Within the body of the method, you use the return statement to return the value.
In the context of Visual Basic and Ada, Sub, short for subroutine or subprocedure, is the name of a callable that does not return a value whereas a Function does return a value; Object-oriented languages such as C# and Java use the term method to refer to a member function of an object
The following are notable software design patterns for OOP objects. [57] Function object: with a single method (in C++, the function operator, operator()) it acts much like a function; Immutable object: does not change state after creation; First-class object: can be used without restriction; Container object: contains other objects