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Many mathematical problems have been stated but not yet solved. These problems come from many areas of mathematics, such as theoretical physics, computer science, algebra, analysis, combinatorics, algebraic, differential, discrete and Euclidean geometries, graph theory, group theory, model theory, number theory, set theory, Ramsey theory, dynamical systems, and partial differential equations.
One of the basic principles of algebra is that one can multiply both sides of an equation by the same expression without changing the equation's solutions. However, strictly speaking, this is not true, in that multiplication by certain expressions may introduce new solutions that were not present before. For example, consider the following ...
A solution of an equation is often called a root of the equation, particularly but not only for polynomial equations. The set of all solutions of an equation is its solution set. An equation may be solved either numerically or symbolically. Solving an equation numerically means that only numbers are admitted as solutions.
This is the case of the equation = for any n, and the equations defined by cyclotomic polynomials, all of whose solutions can be expressed in radicals. Abel's proof of the theorem does not explicitly contain the assertion that there are specific equations that cannot be solved by radicals.
The solutions of this equation are called roots of the cubic function defined by the left-hand side of the equation. If all of the coefficients a , b , c , and d of the cubic equation are real numbers , then it has at least one real root (this is true for all odd-degree polynomial functions ).
An underdetermined linear system has either no solution or infinitely many solutions. For example, + + = + + = is an underdetermined system without any solution; any system of equations having no solution is said to be inconsistent. On the other hand, the system
In the mathematical study of partial differential equations, Lewy's example is a celebrated example, due to Hans Lewy, of a linear partial differential equation with no solutions. It shows that the analog of the Cauchy–Kovalevskaya theorem does not hold in the smooth category.
The quadratic formula =. is a closed form of the solutions to the general quadratic equation + + =. More generally, in the context of polynomial equations, a closed form of a solution is a solution in radicals; that is, a closed-form expression for which the allowed functions are only n th-roots and field operations (+,,, /).