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In engineering, the Moody chart or Moody diagram (also Stanton diagram) is a graph in non-dimensional form that relates the Darcy–Weisbach friction factor f D, Reynolds number Re, and surface roughness for fully developed flow in a circular pipe. It can be used to predict pressure drop or flow rate down such a pipe.
If the value of the friction factor is 0.064, then the Darcy friction factor is plotted in the Moody diagram. Note that the nonzero digits in 0.064 are the numerator in the formula for the laminar Darcy friction factor: f D = 64 / Re . If the value of the friction factor is 0.016, then the Fanning friction factor is plotted in the Moody ...
The phenomenological Colebrook–White equation (or Colebrook equation) expresses the Darcy friction factor f as a function of Reynolds number Re and pipe relative roughness ε / D h, fitting the data of experimental studies of turbulent flow in smooth and rough pipes.
Note that, in approximation, for a given value of flow volume, a step up in duct size (say from 100mm to 120mm) will reduce the friction loss by a factor of 3. Volumetric Flow Q of air at STP where friction loss per unit length Δ p / L (SI kg / m 2 / s 2 ) is, resp., 0.082, 0.245, and 0.816., for selected Nominal Duct Sizes [ 19 ] in smooth ...
where is the Darcy friction factor (from the above equation or the Moody Chart), is the sublayer thickness, is the pipe diameter, is the density, is the friction velocity (not an actual velocity of the fluid), is the average velocity of the plug (in the pipe), is the shear on the wall, and is the pressure loss down the length of the pipe.
The Darcy-Weisbach equation was difficult to use because the friction factor was difficult to estimate. [7] In 1906, Hazen and Williams provided an empirical formula that was easy to use. The general form of the equation relates the mean velocity of water in a pipe with the geometric properties of the pipe and the slope of the energy line.
For a fully filled duct or pipe whose cross-section is a convex regular polygon, the hydraulic diameter is equivalent to the diameter of a circle inscribed within the wetted perimeter. This can be seen as follows: The N {\displaystyle N} -sided regular polygon is a union of N {\displaystyle N} triangles, each of height D / 2 {\displaystyle D/2 ...
Dimensionless numbers (or characteristic numbers) have an important role in analyzing the behavior of fluids and their flow as well as in other transport phenomena. [1] They include the Reynolds and the Mach numbers, which describe as ratios the relative magnitude of fluid and physical system characteristics, such as density, viscosity, speed of sound, and flow speed.