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2 is around 0.80 kg (1.8 lb) CO 2 per kg finished cement. Electrical power generation Varies with local power source. Typical electrical energy consumption is on the order of 90–150 kWh per tonne cement, equivalent to 0.09–0.15 kg (0.20–0.33 lb) CO 2 per kg finished cement if the electricity is coal-generated.
World production of cement is about 4.4 billion tonnes per year ... (m 2 /kg) [d] 370 ... Because of climbing energy costs in Pakistan and other major cement ...
The use of fly ash or another suitable substitute could theoretically bring CO 2 emissions below 0 kg/m 3, compared to Portland cement concrete emissions of 400 kg/m 3. The most effective method of production of this concrete would use the exhaust gas of a power plant, where an isolated chamber could control temperature and humidity. [32]
The variable density is normally described in kg per m 3, where regular concrete is 2400 kg/m 3. Variable density can be as low as 300 kg/m 3, [18] although at this density it would have no structural integrity at all and would function as a filler or insulation use only.
The overall embodied energy of concrete at roughly 1 to 1.5 megajoules per kilogram is therefore lower than for many structural and construction materials. [112] Once in place, concrete offers a great energy efficiency over the lifetime of a building. [113] Concrete walls leak air far less than those made of wood frames. [114]
In 2013, 70.8 percent of portland cement was sold as ready-mix concrete, such as is delivered in cement-mixer trucks. 11.5 percent was sold dry to contractors and construction materials stores; 11.3 percent was sold to manufacturers of concrete products; 4.6 percent was sold for oil and gas wells, and 1.8 percent was sold to government agencies ...