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For a few countries where the official exchange rate does not reflect the rate effectively applied to actual foreign exchange transactions, an alternative conversion factor is used. [2] Tax revenue refers to compulsory transfers to the central government for public purposes.
If the numerator and the denominator do not share any factor greater than 1, the fraction is already reduced to its lowest terms, and it is said to be irreducible, reduced, or in simplest terms. For example, 3 9 {\displaystyle {\tfrac {3}{9}}} is not in lowest terms because both 3 and 9 can be exactly divided by 3.
Energy conversion efficiency (η) is the ratio between the useful output of an energy conversion machine and the input, in energy terms. The input, as well as the useful output may be chemical, electric power, mechanical work, light (radiation), or heat. The resulting value, η (eta), ranges between 0 and 1. [1] [2] [3]
The number system of classical Greece also used powers of ten, including an intermediate base of 5, as did Roman numerals. [23] Notably, the polymath Archimedes (c. 287–212 BCE) invented a decimal positional system in his Sand Reckoner which was based on 10 8. [23] [24] Hittite hieroglyphs (since 15th century BCE) were also strictly decimal. [25]
The steepest grade for bus operations is 23.1% by the 67-Bernal Heights on Alabama Street between Ripley and Esmeralda Streets. [12] Likewise, the Pittsburgh Department of Engineering and Construction recorded a grade of 37% (20°) for Canton Avenue. [13] The street has formed part of a bicycle race since 1983. [14]
2 March: a study published in Science said that boreal fires, typically accounting for 10% of global fire CO 2 emissions, contributed 23% in 2021, by far the highest fraction since 2000. [34] 2021 was an abnormal year because North American and Eurasian boreal forests synchronously experienced their greatest water deficit. [34]
Another defining term in the overall behaviour of a solar cell is the fill factor (FF). This factor is a measure of quality of a solar cell. This factor is a measure of quality of a solar cell. This is the available power at the maximum power point ( P m ) divided by the open circuit voltage ( V OC ) and the short circuit current ( I SC ):
Other rules and acts include Development Surcharge and Levy (Imposition and Collection) Act, 2015; [42] and Value Added Tax and Supplementary Duty Rules, 2016. [43] Anyone who collects VAT becomes a VAT Trustee if they: register and collect a Business Identification Number (BIN) from the NBR; submit VAT returns on time; offer VAT receipts ...