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Planned economies contrast with command economies in that a planned economy is "an economic system in which the government controls and regulates production, distribution, prices, etc." [39] whereas a command economy necessarily has substantial public ownership of industry while also having this type of regulation. [40]
While these two are indeed opposites, some economies feature a mix of central command and free markets. National economies can be run from the top down, so to speak, in what is sometimes called a ...
Examples include the economies of China, Norway, Singapore, and Vietnam—all of which feature large state-owned enterprise sectors operating alongside large private sectors. The French economy featured a large state sector from 1945 until 1986, mixing a substantial amount of state-owned enterprises and nationalized firms with private enterprises.
Today the dominant form of economic organization at the world level is based on market-oriented mixed economies. [5] An economic system can be considered a part of the social system and hierarchically equal to the law system , political system , cultural and so on.
According to Yevgeni Preobrazhensky, a Bolshevik economist, control over the commanding heights of the economy would ensure primitive socialist accumulation. [1] The phrase can be traced back to Vladimir Lenin 's defense of the New Economic Policy (NEP), which saw market-oriented reforms while the state retained control of the commanding heights.
Although the term "transition economies" usually covers the countries of Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, this term may have a wider context. Outside of Europe, there are countries emerging from a socialist-type command economy towards a market-based economy (e.g., China). Despite such movements, some countries have ...
The Maoist economic model of China was designed after the Stalinist principles of a centrally administrated command economy based on the Soviet model. [204] In the common program set up by the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference in 1949, in effect the country's interim constitution, state capitalism meant an economic system of ...
The Commanding Heights: The Battle for the World Economy is a book by Daniel Yergin and Joseph Stanislaw first published as The Commanding Heights: The Battle Between Government and the Marketplace That Is Remaking the Modern World in 1998. In 2002, it was adapted as a documentary of the same title and later released on DVD.