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A virus-infected cell releases viral particles that can infect nearby cells. However, the infected cell can protect neighboring cells against a potential infection of the virus by releasing interferons. In response to interferon, cells produce large amounts of an enzyme known as protein kinase R (PKR).
The precise role of double-stranded (ds)RNA is still widely investigated as a central player in the Interferon System. Groups have found that positive-strand RNA viruses and dsRNA viruses produced significant amounts of dsRNA, but the precise methods mammalian cells leverage to distinguish between self vs. non-self dsRNA have yet to be uncovered.
Human interferon alpha-2 (IFNα2) is a cytokine belonging to the family of type I IFNs. IFNα2 is a protein secreted by cells infected by a virus and acting on other cells to inhibit viral infection. The first description of IFNs as a cellular agent interfering with viral replication was made by Alick Isaacs and Jean Lindenmann in 1957.
n/a Ensembl ENSG00000197919 n/a UniProt P01562 n/a RefSeq (mRNA) NM_024013 n/a RefSeq (protein) NP_076918 n/a Location (UCSC) Chr 9: 21.44 – 21.44 Mb n/a PubMed search n/a Wikidata View/Edit Human Interferon alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IFNA1 gene. Leukocyte interferon is produced predominantly by B lymphocytes. Immune interferon (IFN-gamma ; MIM 147570) is produced ...
The type-I interferons (IFN) are cytokines which play essential roles in inflammation, immunoregulation, tumor cells recognition, and T-cell responses. In the human genome, a cluster of thirteen functional IFN genes is located at the 9p21.3 cytoband over approximately 400 kb including coding genes for IFNα (IFNA1, IFNA2, IFNA4, IFNA5, IFNA6, IFNA7, IFNA8, IFNA10, IFNA13, IFNA14, IFNA16 ...
Viral interference is considered the most common outcome of coinfection, or the simultaneous infection of a host by two or more distinct viruses. [5] The primary form of viral interference is known as superinfection exclusion, in which the initial infection stimulates a resistance to subsequent infection by related viruses.
Type III interferon receptors are expressed more specifically on epithelial cells and some immune cells such as neutrophils, and depending on the species, B cells and dendritic cells as well. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] [ 15 ] Therefore, their antiviral effects are most prominent in barriers, in gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive tracts.
They form the genetic material of some viruses (double-stranded RNA viruses). dsRNA, such as viral RNA or siRNA, can trigger RNA interference in eukaryotes, as well as interferon response in vertebrates. [3] [4] [5] In eukaryotes, dsRNA plays a role in the activation of the innate immune system against viral infections. [1]