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In software development, frontend refers to the presentation layer that users interact with, while backend involves the data management and processing behind the scenes. In the client–server model, the client is usually considered the frontend, handling user-facing tasks, and the server is the backend, managing data and logic.
In machine learning, backpropagation [1] is a gradient estimation method commonly used for training a neural network to compute its parameter updates.. It is an efficient application of the chain rule to neural networks.
Formal estimation model: The quantification step is based on mechanical processes, e.g., the use of a formula derived from historical data. Combination-based estimation: The quantification step is based on a judgmental and mechanical combination of estimates from different sources. Below are examples of estimation approaches within each category.
Also simply application or app. Computer software designed to perform a group of coordinated functions, tasks, or activities for the benefit of the user. Common examples of applications include word processors, spreadsheets, accounting applications, web browsers, media players, aeronautical flight simulators, console games, and photo editors. This contrasts with system software, which is ...
Estimation (or estimating) is the process of finding an estimate or approximation, which is a value that is usable for some purpose even if input data may be incomplete, uncertain, or unstable. The value is nonetheless usable because it is derived from the best information available. [ 1 ]
Software engineering is a field within computer science focused on designing, developing, testing, and maintaining of software applications. It involves applying engineering principles and computer programming expertise to develop software systems that meet user needs. [1] [2] [3] [4]
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Back end, back-end or backend may refer to: Electronics. Computing. Back end (computing), the data access layer in software architecture; Back-end CASE;