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Farmers have manipulated plants and animals through selective breeding for decades of thousands of years in order to create desired traits. In the 20th century, a surge in technology resulted in an increase in agricultural biotechnology through the selection of traits like the increased yield, pest resistance, drought resistance, and herbicide resistance.
Genetically modified crops (GM crops) are plants used in agriculture, the DNA of which has been modified using genetic engineering methods. Plant genomes can be engineered by physical methods or by use of Agrobacterium for the delivery of sequences hosted in T-DNA binary vectors.
Genetic engineering has applications in medicine, research, industry and agriculture and can be used on a wide range of plants, animals and microorganisms. Bacteria, the first organisms to be genetically modified, can have plasmid DNA inserted containing new genes that code for medicines or enzymes that process food and other substrates.
All genetic engineering processes involve the modification of DNA. Traditionally DNA was isolated from the cells of organisms. Later, genes came to be cloned from a DNA segment after the creation of a DNA library or artificially synthesised. Once isolated, additional genetic elements are added to the gene to allow it to be expressed in the host ...
The discovery of DNA and the improvement of genetic technology in the 20th century played a crucial role in the development of transgenic technology. [2] In 1988, genetically modified microbial enzymes were first approved for use in food manufacture. Recombinant rennet was used in few countries in the 1990s. [3]
Similar technology, but using a truncated version of the polygalacturonase gene, was used to make a tomato paste. [8] DNA Plant Technology (DNAP), Agritope, and Monsanto developed tomatoes that delayed ripening by preventing the production of ethylene, [8] a hormone that triggers ripening of fruit. [9]
The double helix structure of DNA was identified by James Watson and Francis Crick in 1953. The bacterium Agrobacterium tumefaciens inserts T-DNA into infected plant cells, which is then incorporated into the plants genome. As well as discovering how DNA works, tools had to be developed that allowed it to be manipulated.
The genetic makeup of a soybean gives it a wide variety of uses, thus keeping it in high demand. First, manufacturers only wanted to use transgenics to be able to grow more soybeans at a minimal cost to meet this demand, and to fix any problems in the growing process, but they eventually found they could modify the soybean to contain healthier components, or even focus on one aspect of the ...