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Italian grammar is the body of rules describing the properties of the Italian language. Italian words can be divided into the following lexical categories : articles, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections.
The pronoun tu (and corresponding verb forms) is used in the singular towards children, family members and close friends (cf. "thou"), whereas voi is used in the same manner in the plural (cf. "ye"). The pronouns Lei and Loro (though much more commonly just voi ) are used towards older people, strangers and very important or respectable people.
Masculine plural nouns follow particular rules depending on the ending of the singular form of the noun. If the singular ends with a stressed vowel, the word does not change in the plural: • el cà → i cà If the singular ends with -c, -j, -m, -p, -r or -s, the plural remains identical to the singular: • el sac → i sac • el ventàj ...
On the contrary, masculine plural is generally derived from Latin second declension nominative -i; this suffix eventually drops or gives rise to palatalisation or metaphonesis; some concrete realisations are: -li > -lj > -gl > -j-ni > -nj > -gn-ti > -tj > -cc; Metaphonesis (in regression) : orti > öört; Neutralisation: -i > -∅
Languages of the second category, belonging to Italo-Dalmatian and Eastern Romance, form the plural by changing the final vowel of the singular form, or suffixing a new vowel to it. There are various hypotheses about how these systems—especially the second—emerged historically from the declension patterns of Vulgar Latin , and this remains ...
Instead, the plural definite article is generally placed before the noun (lla gas, llo chas), but yet some exceptions to this rule exist. Exceptions include the plural of (ill) of "man", (llo) h-on; and some plurals that formed by placing feminine singular definite article before it with spirant lenition (ill bordd, lla fordd).
Unlike French, Italian has a form to express progressive aspect: in either the present or the past imperfective, the verb stare ("to stand", "to be temporarily") conjugated for person and number is followed by a present gerund (indicated by the suffix -ando or -endo ("-ing")).
Comparison is a feature in the morphology or syntax of some languages whereby adjectives and adverbs are rendered in an inflected or periphrastic way to indicate a comparative degree, property, quality, or quantity of a corresponding word, phrase, or clause.