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Spinal disc protrusion visible in MRI [1] A disc protrusion is a medical condition that can occur in some vertebrates, including humans, in which the outermost layers of the anulus fibrosus of the intervertebral discs of the spine are intact but bulge when one or more of the discs are under pressure.
Disc herniation can occur in any disc in the spine, but the two most common forms are lumbar disc herniation and cervical disc herniation. The former is the most common, causing low back pain (lumbago) and often leg pain as well, in which case it is commonly referred to as sciatica .
An intervertebral disc (British English), also spelled intervertebral disk (American English), lies between adjacent vertebrae in the vertebral column.Each disc forms a fibrocartilaginous joint (a symphysis), to allow slight movement of the vertebrae, to act as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together, and to function as a shock absorber for the spine.
The femoral nerve stretch test can identify spinal nerve root compression, which is associated with disc protrusion and femoral nerve injury.It can reliably identify spinal nerve root compression for L2, L3, and L4. [2]
The second group includes patients who had incomplete or inadequate operations. Lumbar spinal stenosis may be overlooked, especially when it is associated with disc protrusion or herniation. Removal of a disc, while not addressing the underlying presence of stenosis, can lead to disappointing results. [11]
The common tendinous ring, also known as the annulus of Zinn or annular tendon, is a ring of fibrous tissue surrounding the optic nerve at its entrance at the apex of the orbit. It is the common origin of the four recti muscles of the group of extraocular muscles. It can be used to divide the regions of the superior orbital fissure. [1]
The anterior median fissure of the spinal cord is a deep midline groove of the anterior spinal cord. [1]: 486 It divides the white matter of the anterior spinal cord nearly in two. [1]: 487 The spinal pia mater extends into the fissure to line the surfaces of the spinal cord. [1]: 453
IDET (Intradiscal Electrothermal Annuloplasty) [1] is a recently developed minimally invasive form of annuloplasty consisting of the insertion of a hollow needle into the affected disc. Through this needle, a heating wire is passed. Once the wire has reached the disc, it is heated to 90 °C for approximately fifteen minutes.