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Nayar et al. correlated the data with the following equation = (+ +) where γ sw is the surface tension of seawater in mN/m, γ w is the surface tension of water in mN/m, S is the reference salinity [41] in g/kg, and t is temperature in degrees Celsius. The average absolute percentage deviation between measurements and the correlation was 0.19% ...
(σ: surface tension, ΔP max: maximum pressure drop, R cap: radius of capillary) Later, after the maximum pressure, the pressure of the bubble decreases and the radius of the bubble increases until the bubble is detached from the end of a capillary and a new cycle begins. This is not relevant to determine the surface tension. [3]
Table data obtained from Lange's Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. Specific gravity is at 15 °C, referenced to water at 15 °C. See details on: Freezing Points of Glycerine-Water Solutions Dow Chemical [ 6 ] or Freezing Points of Glycerol and Its Aqueous Solutions.
In the equation, m 1 and σ 1 represent the mass and surface tension of the reference fluid and m 2 and σ 2 the mass and surface tension of the fluid of interest. If we take water as a reference fluid, = If the surface tension of water is known which is 72 dyne/cm, we can calculate the surface tension of the specific fluid from the equation.
Surface tension: 26.6 dyn/cm at 30 °C Viscosity [1] ... Table data obtained from CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 44th ed. ... Uses formula: = + for T = 0 to 36 ...
All of the data were computed from data given in "Formulation of the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for Scientific and General Use" (IAPWS , 1984) (obsolete as of 1995). [22] This applies to: T – temperature in degrees Celsius; V – specific volume in cubic decimeters per kilogram (1 dm 3 is equivalent to 1 liter)
Surface tension: 28.5 dyn/cm at 10 °C 27.1 dyn/cm at 20 °C 26.67 dyn/cm at 25 °C 23.44 dyn/cm at 50 °C 21.7 dyn/cm at 60 °C 20.20 dyn/cm at 75 °C Viscosity [3] 0.786 mPa·s at –10 °C 0.699 mPa·s at 0 °C 0.563 mPa·s at 20 °C 0.542 mPa·s at 25 °C 0.464 mPa·s at 40 °C 0.389 mPa·s at 60 °C
The surface energy of a liquid may be measured by stretching a liquid membrane (which increases the surface area and hence the surface energy). In that case, in order to increase the surface area of a mass of liquid by an amount, δA, a quantity of work, γ δA, is needed (where γ is the surface energy density of the liquid).