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Yield strength (MPa) Ultimate strength (MPa) ASTM A36 steel: 250: 400 Steel, API 5L X65 [2] 448: 531 Steel, high strength alloy ASTM A514: 690: 760 Steel, prestressing strands 1650: 1860 Piano wire 1740–3300 [3] Carbon fiber (CF, CFK) 5650 [4] High-density polyethylene (HDPE) 26–33: 37 Polypropylene: 12–43: 19.7–80 Stainless steel AISI ...
In one study, strain hardening exponent values extracted from tensile data from 58 steel pipes from natural gas pipelines were found to range from 0.08 to 0.25, [1] with the lower end of the range dominated by high-strength low alloy steels and the upper end of the range mostly normalized steels.
Ductile materials, including structural steel and many other metals, are characterized by their ability to yield at normal temperatures. [1]: 58 For example, low-carbon steel generally exhibits a very linear stress–strain relationship up to a well-defined yield point.
The work-hardened steel bar fractures when the applied stress exceeds the usual fracture stress and the strain exceeds usual fracture strain. This may be considered to be the elastic limit and the yield stress is now equal to the fracture toughness, which is much higher than a non-work-hardened steel yield stress.
The next set of 3 digits gives the steel's minimum yield strength. So S355 has a minimum yield strength of 355 MPa for the smallest thickness range covered by the relevant standard – i.e. EN10025. [2] Below is a table indicating the most common application codes.
This process is mainly suited for low-carbon steel. The material is heated up to a temperature just below the lower critical temperature of steel. Cold-worked steel normally tends to possess increased hardness and decreased ductility, making it difficult to work. Process annealing tends to improve these characteristics.
904L is an austenitic stainless steel.It is softer than 316L, [1] [2] and its molybdenum addition gives it superior resistance to localized attack (pitting and crevice corrosion) by chlorides and greater resistance reducing acids; in particular, its copper addition gives it useful corrosion resistance to all concentrations of sulfuric acid.
If HV is first expressed in N/mm 2 (MPa), or otherwise by converting from kgf/mm 2, then the tensile strength (in MPa) of the material can be approximated as σ u ≈ HV/ c, where c is a constant determined by yield strength, Poisson's ratio, work-hardening exponent and geometrical factors – usually ranging between 2 and 4. [9]