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Postpartum depression (PPD), also called perinatal depression, is a mood disorder which may be experienced by pregnant or postpartum individuals. [3] Symptoms include extreme sadness, low energy , anxiety , crying episodes, irritability, and changes in sleeping or eating patterns. [ 1 ]
Pregnancy-related anxiety is a distinct anxiety contextualized by pregnancy specific fears, worries, and concerns. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] Pregnancy-related anxiety is characterized by increased concerns or excessive fears and worries about their unborn baby, childbirth , body image , and impending motherhood.
If symptoms are severe enough to affect daily functioning or last longer than two weeks, the individual should be evaluated for related postpartum psychiatric conditions, such as postpartum depression and postpartum anxiety. It is unclear whether the condition can be prevented, however education and reassurance are important to help alleviate ...
Generally, PPP symptoms have been observed within 3–10 days of childbirth, though women with a past history of bipolar disorder may experience symptoms even sooner. [ 2 ] [ 6 ] The persistence of symptoms varies; while the average reported length of an episode may last weeks to several months, [ 6 ] there is currently no strong literature ...
[1] [2] [3] These three sets of symptoms help explain common and distinct aspects of depression and anxiety. [2] The ability to distinguish between anxiety and depression with this model may help increase diagnostic accuracy and help eliminate the complications that occur with comorbidity.
In the DSM-V, diagnosis is made under major depressive disorder, with the added specifier “With peripartum onset” if the episode occurs during pregnancy or the first four weeks postpartum. [1] Postpartum depression is not to be conflated with postpartum psychosis, which is qualitatively different. [2] [3] A meta-analysis found that up to 12 ...
[34] [35] Despite the clear association between prenatal stress and child outcomes, women do not receive screening, prevention, or treatment for mood or stress concerns. [36] [37] It is essential to examine interventions that aim to reduce anxiety, depression, and stress during pregnancy.
The exact cause of morning sickness remains unknown. Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy is typically mild and self-limited, resolving on its own by the 14th week of pregnancy. Other causes should also be ruled out when considering treatment. Initial treatment is typically conservative, and may include changes to diet and emotional support.