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The Xiongnu (Chinese: 匈奴, [9] [ɕjʊ́ŋ.nǔ]) were a tribal confederation [10] of nomadic peoples who, according to ancient Chinese sources, inhabited the eastern Eurasian Steppe from the 3rd century BC to the late 1st century AD. Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire. [11]
Xiongnu Empire in 200 BC. This is a timeline of the Xiongnu, a nomadic people that dominated the ancient eastern Eurasian steppes from 209 BC to 89 AD. The Xiongnu settled down in northern China during the late 3rd century AD following the Three Kingdoms period, and founded several states lasting until the Northern Liang was conquered by the Xianbei Northern Wei in 439 AD.
The Han–Xiongnu Wars, [5] also known as the Sino–Xiongnu War, [6] was a series of military conflicts fought over two centuries (from 133 BC to 89 AD) between the Chinese Han Empire and the nomadic Xiongnu confederation, although extended conflicts can be traced back as early as 200 BC and ahead as late as 188 AD.
In AD 48, the Xiongnu empire was weakened as it was divided into the southern and northern Xiongnu. The northern Xiongnu migrated to the west. They established Üeban state (160–490) in modern Kazakhstan and Hunnic Empire (370s–469) in Europe. The Xianbei that were under the Xiongnu rebelled in AD 93, ending the Xiongnu domination in Mongolia.
From 115 to 60 BC, the Han and Xiongnu competed for control and influence over these states, [9] which saw the rise of power of the Han empire over eastern Central Asia with the decline of that of the Xiongnu's. [10] The Han empire brought the states of Loulan, Jushi , Luntai (Bügür), Dayuan (Ferghana), and Kangju (Soghdiana) into tributary ...
By the time of Modu's death in 174 BCE, the Xiongnu domains stretched from what is now northeast China and Mongolia to the Altai and Tian Shan mountain ranges in Central Asia. [36] The Chinese feared incursions by the Xiongnu under the guise of trade and were concerned that Han-manufactured iron weapons would fall into Xiongnu hands. [37]
The Xiongnu was the first unified empire of nomadic peoples. ... Anachronistic references about them can also be found in the 7th-century geography work ...
Chinese sources report that Modu Chanyu, the supreme leader after 209 BC, founded the Xiongnu Empire. [48] In 209 BC, three years before the founding of Han China, the Xiongnu were brought together in a powerful confederation under a new chanyu, Modu Chanyu. This new political unity transformed them into a more formidable state by enabling ...