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A stalactite (UK: / ˈ s t æ l ə k ˌ t aɪ t /, US: / s t ə ˈ l æ k t aɪ t /; from Ancient Greek σταλακτός (stalaktós) 'dripping', from σταλάσσειν (stalássein) 'to drip') [1] is a mineral formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, or man-made structures such as bridges and mines.
Calthemite straw stalactite growing from the concrete ceiling of an undercover car-park Calthemite straw stalactites, the rightmost example demonstrating bending due to the direction of air currents during its formation. Calthemite is a secondary deposit, derived from concrete, lime, mortar or other calcareous material outside the cave environment.
Henge earthworks are those that consist of a flat area of earth in a circular shape that are encircled by a ditch, or several circular ditches, with a bank on the outside of the ditch built with the earth from inside the ditch. They are believed to have been used as monuments for spiritual ritual ceremonies.
Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
There is also speculation of the origin to stem from the Arabic word qarnasi meaning "intricate work". [9] Nişanyan claims that it is related to the Aramaic קרנסא, meaning "hammering". [10] The Spanish term mocárabe is derived from the Arabic term muqarbaṣ, which was also used to denote muqarnas in the western regions of the Islamic world.
A cave survey is a map of all or part of a cave system, which may be produced to meet differing standards of accuracy depending on the cave conditions and equipment available underground. Cave surveying and cartography , i.e. the creation of an accurate, detailed map, is one of the most common technical activities undertaken within a cave and ...
Stake out lot corners, stake limit of work and stake location of construction trailer (clear of all excavation and construction) Stake out reference points and markers that will guide the construction of new structures; Verify the location of structures during construction; Provide horizontal control on multiple floors
The [main] field of the drawing, as opposed to other areas of it, such as the parts list , general notes (G/N), flagnotes , title block , rev block , bill of materials (B/M or BoM or BOM), or list of materials . Rationales for drawing changes that are noted in the rev block often use these abbreviations for brevity (e.g., "DIM 14.00 was 12.50 ...