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A renal diet is a diet aimed at keeping levels of fluids, electrolytes, and minerals balanced in the body in individuals with chronic kidney disease or who are on dialysis. Dietary changes may include the restriction of fluid intake, protein , and electrolytes including sodium , phosphorus , and potassium . [ 1 ]
Levels may appear falsely elevated with high blood lipid levels, high blood protein levels, or high blood bilirubin levels. [1] Treatment may include a phosphate low diet and antacids like calcium carbonate that bind phosphate. [1] Occasionally, intravenous normal saline or kidney dialysis may be used. [1] How commonly it occurs is unclear. [2]
In patients with very high blood calcium levels, treatment may include large amounts of intravenous normal saline. [1] Low vitamin D should be corrected in those with secondary hyperparathyroidism but low Vitamin D pre-surgery is controversial for those with primary hyperparathyroidism. [6]
Calcium deposits known as limbus sign may be visible in the eyes. [7] Symptoms are more common at high calcium blood values (12.0 mg/dL or 3 mmol/L). [6] Severe hypercalcaemia (above 15–16 mg/dL or 3.75–4 mmol/L) is considered a medical emergency: at these levels, coma and cardiac arrest can result.
As low as possible while consuming a nutritionally adequate diet Animal fat (dairy products), fully hydrogenated fat, coconut oil , cocoa butter, palm oil: Added sugar (A type of carbohydrate) Less than 10% of calories [21] non-natural sweet foods: Candy, sweetened beverages, cookies, cakes, jams, syrup, many processed foods
Calcium makes up 920 to 1200 grams of adult body weight, with 99% of it contained in bones and teeth. This is about 1.5% of body weight. [2] Phosphorus occurs in amounts of about 2/3 of calcium, and makes up about 1% of a person's body weight. [10]
Supplementation is generally only required when there is not enough calcium in the diet. [2] [3] By mouth they are used to treat and prevent low blood calcium, osteoporosis, and rickets. [1] By injection into a vein they are used for low blood calcium that is resulting in muscle spasms and for high blood potassium or magnesium toxicity. [2] [4]
The plasma total calcium concentration is in the range of 2.2–2.6 mmol/L (9–10.5 mg/dL), and the normal ionized calcium is 1.3–1.5 mmol/L (4.5–5.6 mg/dL). [4] The amount of total calcium in the blood varies with the level of plasma albumin, the most abundant protein in plasma, and therefore the main carrier of protein-bound calcium in the blood.