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  2. Skeletal fluorosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skeletal_fluorosis

    In some areas, skeletal fluorosis is endemic. While fluorosis is most severe and widespread in the world's two most populous countries – India and China – UNICEF estimates that "fluorosis is endemic in at least 25 countries across the globe. The total number of people affected is not known, but a conservative estimate would number in the ...

  3. Fluoride toxicity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride_toxicity

    Fluorosis becomes possible above this recommended dosage. As of 2015, the United States Health and Human Services Department recommends a maximum of 0.7 milligrams of fluoride per liter of water – updating and replacing the previous recommended range of 0.7 to 1.2 milligrams issued in 1962. The new recommended level is intended to reduce the ...

  4. Fluorosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorosis

    Fluorosis may refer to: Dental fluorosis , a disturbance of dental enamel caused by excessive exposure to high concentrations of fluoride during tooth development. Skeletal fluorosis , a bone disease caused by excessive accumulation of fluoride in the bones

  5. Water fluoridation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation

    Fluoride can occur naturally in water in concentrations well above recommended levels, which can have several long-term adverse effects, including severe dental fluorosis, skeletal fluorosis, and weakened bones; water utilities in the developed world reduce fluoride levels to regulated maximum levels in regions where natural levels are high ...

  6. Fluoride therapy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluoride_therapy

    The use of fluoride supplements during the last six months of pregnancy has no significant impact on the incidence of fluorosis in children. [16] Optimal water fluoridation for the prevention of dental caries increases the prevalence of dental fluorosis by 4 to 5%. [13] The observed effects are mild to moderate, usually of minimal aesthetic ...

  7. Bone disease - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bone_disease

    This article about a disease of musculoskeletal and connective tissue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.

  8. Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffuse_idiopathic...

    Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) is a condition characterized by abnormal calcification/bone formation (hyperostosis) of the soft tissues surrounding the joints of the spine, and also of the peripheral or appendicular skeleton. [1]

  9. Avascular necrosis - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avascular_necrosis

    Avascular necrosis; Other names: Osteonecrosis, [1] bone infarction, [2] aseptic necrosis, [1] ischemic bone necrosis [1] Femoral head showing a flap of cartilage due to avascular necrosis (osteochondritis dissecans).