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In materials science, creep (sometimes called cold flow) is the tendency of a solid material to undergo slow deformation while subject to persistent mechanical stresses.It can occur as a result of long-term exposure to high levels of stress that are still below the yield strength of the material.
The Maxwell model does not exhibit creep since it models strain as linear function of time. If a small stress is applied for a sufficiently long time, then the irreversible strains become large. Thus, Maxwell material is a type of liquid.
The instrument can do creep-recovery, stress–relaxation, and stress–strain experiments. Axial analyzers are used for solid or semisolid materials. It can do flexure, tensile, and compression testing (even shear and liquid specimens if desired). These analyzers can test higher modulus materials than torsional analyzers.
Source: [6] can be obtained by accelerated creep test in which strain is recirded, interpolating the data (,) (˙) = ˙ + (˙) When adopting the Omega Method for a remaining life assessment, it is sufficient to estimate the creep strain rate at the service stress and temperature by conducting creep tests on the material that has been exposed to service conditions.
The standard linear solid (SLS), also known as the Zener model after Clarence Zener, [1] is a method of modeling the behavior of a viscoelastic material using a linear combination of springs and dashpots to represent elastic and viscous components, respectively.
Nabarro-Herring creep has a weak stress dependence. Coble creep, or grain-boundary diffusion, is the diffusion of vacancies occurs along grain-boundaries to elongate the grains along the stress axis. Coble creep has a stronger grain-size dependence than Nabarro–Herring creep, and occurs at lower temperatures while remaining temperature dependent.
The main type of creep testing machine is a constant load creep testing machine. The constant load creep machine consists of a loading platform, foundation, fixture devices and furnace. The fixture devices are the grips and pull rods. [4] Load platform or load hanger is where the object will endure pressure at a constant rate. [citation needed]
In the nineteenth century, physicists such as James Clerk Maxwell, Ludwig Boltzmann, and Lord Kelvin researched and experimented with creep and recovery of glasses, metals, and rubbers. Viscoelasticity was further examined in the late twentieth century when synthetic polymers were engineered and used in a variety of applications. [ 2 ]
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