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Scorpion toxins are proteins found in the venom of scorpions.Their toxic effect may be mammal- or insect-specific and acts by binding with varying degrees of specificity to members of the Voltage-gated ion channel superfamily; specifically, voltage-gated sodium channels, voltage-gated potassium channels, [3] and Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) channels.
Tb1 is a sodium channel scorpion toxin (NaScTx) and belongs to the beta toxin subfamily. [2] Within the NaScTx family, Tb1 is part of the NaTx6 cluster. This cluster consists of four toxins found in the venom of scorpions that inhabit the Southern area of the Amazonian rainforest: Tco-gamma, Tst1, Tb1 and the previously mentioned Ts1.
The crude venom of T. serrulatus contains different toxins. Some of the strongest derivates are the neurotoxins tityustoxin and toxin Ts-g. [3] Two types of toxins are considered to be responsible for the main toxic effect: toxin gamma (a β-type toxin) and tityustoxin (TsTX, an α-type toxin), both with a specific affinity to the sodium channel. [4]
Charybdotoxin (ChTX) is a 37 amino acid neurotoxin from the venom of the scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus (deathstalker) that blocks calcium-activated potassium channels. [2] This blockade causes hyperexcitability of the nervous system. It is a close homologue of agitoxin and both toxins come from Leiurus quinquestriatus hebraeus.
Cll1 is a long chain neuropeptide belonging to the scorpion toxin superfamily. Cll1 is classified as a member of the beta-toxin subfamily. [3] The global secondary structure of Cll1 is similar to that of other scorpion beta-toxins, including the alpha-helix, triple stranded antiparallel beta-sheet, and the four disulfide bridges.
In addition to the BBB, the choroid plexus provides a layer of protection against toxin absorption in the brain. The choroid plexuses are vascularized layers of tissue found in the third, fourth, and lateral ventricles of the brain, which through the function of their ependymal cells, are responsible for the synthesis of cerebrospinal fluid ...
The toxin has been classified as a short-chain scorpion toxin. [1] It consists of 36 amino acids and is referred to as TmTx1. [2] A peptide consisting of 35 amino acids has also been identified, [1] referred to as TmTx2. [2] It possesses three intra-molecular disulphide bonds (S-S), leading to a highly stabilized conformation.
Tst1 (alternatively PT-Mice-beta* NaTx6.3, Tst-gamma, toxin gamma-like of Tityus stigmurus) is a neurotoxic peptide which can be purified from the venom of the Brazilian scorpion, Tityus stigmurus. [1] The toxin name is derived from the name of the scorpion, with ‘Tst’ standing for Tityus stigmurus toxin.