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In base 10, there is thought to be no number with a multiplicative persistence greater than 11; this is known to be true for numbers up to 2.67×10 30000. [1] [2] The smallest numbers with persistence 0, 1, 2, ... are: 0, 10, 25, 39, 77, 679, 6788, 68889, 2677889, 26888999, 3778888999, 277777788888899. (sequence A003001 in the OEIS)
Thus the "order of magnitude" of a number (on a larger scale than usually meant), can be characterized by the number of times (n) one has to take the to get a number between 1 and 10. Thus, the number is between 10 ↑ ↑ n {\displaystyle 10\uparrow \uparrow n} and 10 ↑ ↑ ( n + 1 ) {\displaystyle 10\uparrow \uparrow (n+1)} .
It must be shown that every integer greater than 1 is either prime or a product of primes. First, 2 is prime. Then, by strong induction, assume this is true for all numbers greater than 1 and less than n. If n is prime, there is nothing more to prove. Otherwise, there are integers a and b, where n = a b, and 1 < a ≤ b < n.
Likely because of this definition, many scientists use not only "fold", but also "fold change" to be synonymous with "times", as in "3-fold larger" = "3 times larger". [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] Fold change is often used in analysis of gene expression data from microarray and RNA-Seq experiments for measuring change in the expression level of a gene. [ 6 ]
Many pairs (b, τ) of a dimensionless non-negative number b and an amount of time τ (a physical quantity which can be expressed as the product of a number of units and a unit of time) represent the same growth rate, with τ proportional to log b.
This behavior can be switched of by setting the formula in parentheses: = ( 1 + 2^-52 - 1 ). You will see that even that small value survives. You will see that even that small value survives. Smaller values will pass away as there are only 53 bits to represent the value, for this case 1.0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 0000000000 01 ...
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The formula is valid for values of x greater than one, which is the region of interest. The sum over the roots is conditionally convergent, and should be taken in order of increasing absolute value of the imaginary part. Note that the same sum over the trivial roots gives the last subtrahend in the formula. For Π 0 (x) we have a more ...