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The Cormack–Lehane system classifies views obtained by direct laryngoscopy based on the structures seen. It was initially described by R.S. Cormack and J. Lehane in 1984 as a way of simulating potential scenarios that trainee anaesthetists might face. [1] A modified version that subdivided Grade 2 was initially described in 1998. [2]
The score is assessed by asking the patient, in a sitting posture, to open their mouth and to protrude the tongue as much as possible. [1] The anatomy of the oral cavity is visualized; specifically, the assessor notes whether the base of the uvula, faucial pillars (the arches in front of and behind the tonsils) and soft palate are visible.
"The most useful modification is a subclassification of grade 3 into 3a when the epiglottis can be lifted from the posterior pharyngeal wall and 3b when it cannot be lifted." Indeed this is true, and in fact, it is more important whether the epiglottis can be lifted or not, rather than the vocal cords or arithenoids are fully seen (2a/2b)
Anatomical parts seen during laryngoscopy. Direct laryngoscopy is carried out (usually) with the patient lying on their back; the laryngoscope is inserted into the mouth on the right side and flipped to the left to trap and move the tongue out of the line of sight, and, depending on the type of blade used, inserted either anterior or posterior to the epiglottis and then lifted with an upwards ...
The viewing cone refers to the effective viewing directions of an LCD display, as seen from the eye. This collection of angles resembles a cone. The concept has been introduced as an international standard ISO 13406-2, which defines it as the range of viewing directions that can safely be used for the intended task without "reduced visual performance".
Different display technologies have vastly different temporal characteristics, leading to perceptual differences of motion, flicker, etc. Sketch of some common display technologies' temporal behaviour. The figure shows a sketch of how different technologies present a single white/grey frame. Time and intensity is not to scale.
Robert Cormack FRSE is a Scottish emeritus professor who retired in late 2009 from the UHI Millennium Institute. [1] He taught at Queen's University, Belfast where his service spanned the troubles in Northern Ireland .
A critical factor in the quality of this display is the type of encoding used in the TV camera to combine the signal together and the decoding used in the monitor to separate the signals back to RGB for display. Composite monitors can be very high quality, with professional broadcast reference displays costing US$10k-$15k as of 2000.