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  2. Covariance and contravariance (computer science) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance_and_contra...

    However, if array types were treated as invariant, it would only be possible to call these functions on an array of exactly the type Object []. One could not, for example, shuffle an array of strings. Therefore, both Java and C# treat array types covariantly. For instance, in Java String [] is a subtype of Object [], and in C# string [] is a ...

  3. Boxing (computer programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_(computer_programming)

    Unboxing the object also returns a copy of the stored value. Repeated boxing and unboxing of objects can have a severe performance impact, because boxing dynamically allocates new objects and unboxing (if the boxed value is no longer used) then makes them eligible for garbage collection. However, modern garbage collectors such as the default ...

  4. Object-oriented programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Object-oriented_programming

    Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm based on the concept of objects, [1] which can contain data and code: data in the form of fields (often known as attributes or properties), and code in the form of procedures (often known as methods).

  5. C Sharp syntax - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C_Sharp_syntax

    C# has and allows pointers to selected types (some primitives, enums, strings, pointers, and even arrays and structs if they contain only types that can be pointed [14]) in unsafe context: methods and codeblock marked unsafe. These are syntactically the same as pointers in C and C++.

  6. Factory method pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_method_pattern

    In object-oriented programming, the factory method pattern is a design pattern that uses factory methods to deal with the problem of creating objects without having to specify their exact classes. Rather than by calling a constructor , this is accomplished by invoking a factory method to create an object.

  7. Circle–ellipse problem - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle–ellipse_problem

    The issues are most commonly encountered when using object-oriented programming (OOP). By definition, this problem is a violation of the Liskov substitution principle , one of the SOLID principles. The problem concerns which subtyping or inheritance relationship should exist between classes which represent circles and ellipses (or, similarly ...

  8. Method chaining - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Method_chaining

    Method chaining is a common syntax for invoking multiple method calls in object-oriented programming languages. Each method returns an object, allowing the calls to be chained together in a single statement without requiring variables to store the intermediate results. [1]

  9. Factory (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_(object-oriented...

    In object-oriented programming, a factory is an object for creating other objects; formally, it is a function or method that returns objects of a varying prototype or class [1] from some method call, which is assumed to be new. [a] More broadly, a subroutine that returns a new object may be referred to as a factory, as in factory method or ...