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Differential ontology is a poststructuralist approach interested in the relation between the concepts of identity and difference. It says that traditional ontology sees identity as the more basic term by first characterizing things in terms of their essential features and then elaborating differences based on this conception.
Individuals (instances) are the basic, "ground level" components of an ontology. The individuals in an ontology may include concrete objects such as people, animals, tables, automobiles, molecules, and planets, as well as abstract individuals such as numbers and words (although there are differences of opinion as to whether numbers and words are classes or individuals).
Ontology engineering aims to make explicit the knowledge contained in software applications, and organizational procedures for a particular domain. Ontology engineering offers a direction for overcoming semantic obstacles, such as those related to the definitions of business terms and software classes.
The traditional definition of an ontological argument was given by Immanuel Kant. [3] He contrasted the ontological argument (literally any argument "concerned with being") [4] with the cosmological and physio-theoretical arguments. [5] According to the Kantian view, ontological arguments are those founded through a priori reasoning. [3]
Fundamental ontology is the result of Heidegger's decision to re-interpret phenomenology, as developed earlier by his mentor Edmund Husserl. According to Heidegger, the phenomenological project required new terminology and a redefinition of traditional concepts.
ontology concepts: every definition involves the definitions of other terms; relationships between the concepts: this step maps conceptual relationships onto the ontology structure; groups of concepts: this step may lead to the creation of sub-ontologies; formal description of ontology commitments, for example, to make them computer readable
Upper Mapping and Binding Exchange Layer is an ontology of 28,000 reference concepts that maps to a simplified subset of the OpenCyc ontology, that is intended to provide a way of linking the precise OpenCyc ontology with less formal ontologies. [25] It also has formal mappings to Wikipedia, DBpedia, PROTON and GeoNames.
In computer science and artificial intelligence, ontology languages are formal languages used to construct ontologies. They allow the encoding of knowledge about specific domains and often include reasoning rules that support the processing of that knowledge.