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Phthalic anhydride is produced similarly by V 2 O 5-catalysed oxidation of ortho-xylene or naphthalene at 350–400 °C. The equation for the vanadium oxide-catalysed oxidation of o-xylene to phthalic anhydride: C 6 H 4 (CH 3) 2 + 3 O 2 → C 6 H 4 (CO) 2 O + 3 H 2 O. The equation for the vanadium oxide-catalysed oxidation of naphthalene to ...
From left: [V(H 2 O) 6] 2+ (lilac), [V(H 2 O) 6] 3+ (green), [VO(H 2 O) 5] 2+ (blue) and [VO(H 2 O) 5] 3+ (yellow).. Vanadium compounds are compounds formed by the element vanadium (V). The chemistry of vanadium is noteworthy for the accessibility of the four adjacent oxidation states 2–5, whereas the chemistry of the other group 5 elements, niobium and tantalum, are somewhat more limited to ...
The oxidation states are also maintained in articles of the elements (of course), and systematically in the table {{Infobox element/symbol-to-oxidation-state}}
Vanadium oxide mainly refers to: . Vanadium(II) oxide (vanadium monoxide), VO; Vanadium(III) oxide (vanadium sesquioxide or trioxide), V 2 O 3; Vanadium(IV) oxide (vanadium dioxide), VO 2
The vanadium redox battery, a type of flow battery, is an electrochemical cell consisting of aqueous vanadium ions in different oxidation states. [88] [89] Batteries of this type were first proposed in the 1930s and developed commercially from the 1980s onwards. Cells use +5 and +2 formal oxidization state ions.
On acidification, this solution's colour gradually darkens through orange to red at around pH 7. Brown hydrated V2O5 precipitates around pH 2, redissolving to form a light yellow solution containing the [VO 2 (H 2 O) 4] + ion. The number and identity of the oxyanions that exist between pH 13 and 2 depend on pH as well as concentration.
The move follows California's 2023 ban, which prohibits the sale of foods containing Red Dye No. 3 in the state starting in 2027, and aligns the U.S. with much of the world, including the European ...
Oxidation states are typically represented by integers which may be positive, zero, or negative. In some cases, the average oxidation state of an element is a fraction, such as 8 / 3 for iron in magnetite Fe 3 O 4 . The highest known oxidation state is reported to be +9, displayed by iridium in the tetroxoiridium(IX) cation (IrO + 4). [1]