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Acute bacterial parotitis: is most often caused by a bacterial infection of Staphylococcus aureus but may be caused by any commensal bacteria. [2] Parotitis presents as swelling at the angle of the jaw. Bacterial parotitis presents as a unilateral swelling, where the gland is swollen and tender and usually produces pus at the Stensen's duct.
Bacterial sialadenitis is uncommon nowadays and is usually associated with sialoliths. [13] A study involving hospitals in the United Kingdom found that the incidence of admissions for sialadenitis is 27.5 per million of the population, with the most common cause being mumps, which causes a viral infection in the salivary gland. [ 13 ]
Widespread vaccination against mumps has markedly reduced the incidence of mumps parotitis. The pain of mumps is due to the swelling of the gland within its fibrous capsule. [3] Apart from viral infection, other infections, such as bacterial, can cause parotitis (acute suppurative parotitis or chronic parotitis).
Infections involving the salivary glands can be viral or bacterial (or rarely fungal). Mumps is the most common viral sialadenitis. It usually occurs in children and involves pain in front of the ear, swelling of the parotid, fever, chills, and headaches. [2] Bacterial sialadenitis is usually caused by ascending organisms from the mouth.
In 1978 to 1979 during a large urban outbreak in which 100,000 people were exposed to the fungus in Indianapolis, [7] victims had pericarditis, rheumatological syndromes, esophageal and vocal cord ulcers, parotitis, adrenal insufficiency, uveitis, fibrosing mediastinitis, interstitial nephritis, intestinal lymphangiectasia, and epididymitis.
Uveoparotitis is characterized by parotitis, uveitis and low grade fever. Parotitis leads to swelling and enlargement of the parotid glands, while uveitis causes eye redness, pain and blurred vision. Weakness of the facial muscles (cranial nerve palsy) may occur, which particularly affect the seventh cranial nerve.
Bacteria cause inflammation of the gums which become red, swollen and can bleed easily. The bacteria along with mucus form a sticky colorless substance called plaque which harbours the bacteria. Plaque that is not removed by brushing and flossing hardens to form tartar that brushing does not clean. Smoking is a major risk factor. [19]
Natural genetic transformation is a bacterial adaptation for DNA transfer. In order for a bacterium to bind, take up and recombine exogenous DNA into its genome it must enter a special physiological state termed natural competence. In H. parainfluenzae, competence is induced during the late stationary phase of growth. [3]