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The cell wall of some Gram-positive bacteria can be completely dissolved by lysozymes which attack the bonds between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. In other Gram-positive bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, the walls are resistant to the action of lysozymes. [4] They have O-acetyl groups on carbon-6 of some muramic acid ...
The cytoplasm describes all the material within a eukaryotic or prokaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, including the organelles [1] and excluding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells. The material inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell and contained within the nuclear membrane is termed the nucleoplasm .
Most important among these is a cell nucleus, [2] an organelle that houses the cell's DNA. This nucleus gives the eukaryote its name, which means "true kernel (nucleus)". Some of the other differences are: The plasma membrane resembles that of prokaryotes in function, with minor differences in the setup. Cell walls may or may not be present.
Bacteria, the most prominent type, have several different shapes, although most are spherical or rod-shaped. Bacteria can be classed as either gram-positive or gram-negative depending on the cell wall composition. Gram-positive bacteria have a thicker peptidoglycan layer than gram-negative bacteria.
Furthermore, the separation of the periplasm from the cytoplasm allows for the compartmentalization of enzymes that could be toxic in the cytoplasm. [17] Some peptidoglycans and lipoproteins located in the periplasm provide a structural support system for the cell that aids in promoting the cell's ability to withstand turgor pressure.
Intracellular bacteria are bacteria that have the capability to enter and survive within the cells of the host organism. [1] These bacteria include many different pathogens that live in the cytoplasm and nuclei of the host cell's they inhabit. Two examples of intracellular pathogenic bacteria are Mycobacterium tuberculosis and also Toxoplasma ...
A cancer cell is just a cell after all—one of the 30-plus trillion that make up the human body. In studying the science of individual cells—taking what Mukherjee calls an “atomistic ...
In bacteria, the Tat system exports proteins from the cytoplasm across the inner cell membrane; whereas in chloroplasts, it is present in the thylakoid membrane where it aids the import of proteins from the stroma. [13] Tat proteins are highly variable in different bacteria and are classified into three major types, namely TatA, TatB, and TatC.