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  2. Relative permittivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_permittivity

    The relative permittivity (in older texts, dielectric constant) is the permittivity of a material expressed as a ratio with the electric permittivity of a vacuum. A dielectric is an insulating material, and the dielectric constant of an insulator measures the ability of the insulator to store electric energy in an electrical field.

  3. Clausius–Mossotti relation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clausius–Mossotti_relation

    The Lorentz–Lorenz equation is similar to the Clausius–Mossotti relation, except that it relates the refractive index (rather than the dielectric constant) of a substance to its polarizability. The Lorentz–Lorenz equation is named after the Danish mathematician and scientist Ludvig Lorenz , who published it in 1869, and the Dutch ...

  4. Dielectric - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dielectric

    In electromagnetism, a dielectric (or dielectric medium) is an electrical insulator that can be polarised by an applied electric field.When a dielectric material is placed in an electric field, electric charges do not flow through the material as they do in an electrical conductor, because they have no loosely bound, or free, electrons that may drift through the material, but instead they ...

  5. Permittivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permittivity

    Another common term encountered for both absolute and relative permittivity is the dielectric constant which has been deprecated in physics and engineering [3] as well as in chemistry. [ 4 ] By definition, a perfect vacuum has a relative permittivity of exactly 1 whereas at standard temperature and pressure , air has a relative permittivity of ...

  6. Vacuum permittivity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacuum_permittivity

    Vacuum permittivity, commonly denoted ε 0 (pronounced "epsilon nought" or "epsilon zero"), is the value of the absolute dielectric permittivity of classical vacuum.It may also be referred to as the permittivity of free space, the electric constant, or the distributed capacitance of the vacuum.

  7. Drude model - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drude_model

    The following are Maxwell's equations without sources (which are treated separately in the scope of plasma oscillations), in Gaussian units: =; =; =; = +. Then = = = or = (+) which is an electromagnetic wave equation for a continuous homogeneous medium with dielectric constant () in the Helmoltz form = where the refractive index is () = and the ...

  8. Electric dipole moment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_dipole_moment

    Therefore, the dielectric constant (and the conductivity) has contributions from both terms. This approach can be generalized to compute the frequency dependent dielectric function. [38] It is possible to calculate dipole moments from electronic structure theory, either as a response to constant electric fields or from the density matrix. [39]

  9. Static electricity - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static_electricity

    An important concept for insulating fluids is the static relaxation time. This is similar to the time constant τ (tau) of an RC circuit. For insulating materials, it is the ratio of the static dielectric constant divided by the electrical conductivity of the material. For hydrocarbon fluids, this is sometimes approximated by dividing the ...