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In geology, lamination (from Latin lāmina 'thin layer') is a small-scale sequence of fine layers (pl.: laminae; sg.: lamina) that occurs in sedimentary rocks. Laminae are normally smaller and less pronounced than bedding .
In geology, a bed is a layer of sediment, sedimentary rock, or volcanic rock "bounded above and below by more or less well-defined bedding surfaces". [1] A bedding surface or bedding plane is respectively a curved surface or plane that visibly separates each successive bed (of the same or different lithology ) from the preceding or following bed.
Individual beds range in thickness from a few tens of centimeters to a meter or more, but bed thickness down to 10 centimeters has been observed. [6] Where the set height is less than 6 centimeters and the cross-stratification layers are only a few millimeters thick, the term cross-lamination is used, rather than cross-bedding.
These structures are within sedimentary bedding and can help with the interpretation of depositional environment and paleocurrent directions. They are formed when the sediment is deposited. Cross-bedding Cross-bedding is the layering of beds deposited by wind or water inclined at an angle as much as 35° from the horizontal. [1]
Convolute bedding forms when complex folding and crumpling of beds or laminations occur. This type of deformation is found in fine or silty sands, and is usually confined to one rock layer. This type of deformation is found in fine or silty sands, and is usually confined to one rock layer.
Very small cross-lamination means that the ripple height is roughly one centimeter. It is lenticular, wavy and flaser lamination. Small Small cross-bedding are ripples set at a height less than ten centimeters, while the thickness is only a few millimeters. Some ripples that may fit this category are wind ripples, wave ripples, and current ripples.