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Hagia Sophia Cathedral — a symbol of Byzantine Constantinople. The history of Constantinople covers the period from the Consecration of the city in 330, when Constantinople became the new capital of the Roman Empire, to its conquest by the Ottomans in 1453. Constantinople was rebuilt practically from scratch on the site of Byzantium.
The population decline also had a huge impact upon the Constantinople's defense capabilities. At the end of March 1453, emperor Constantine XI ordered a census of districts to record how many able-bodied men were in the city and whatever weapons each possessed for defense.
The population of Constantinople was 570,000 by the end of the 18th century. [ 73 ] A period of rebellion at the start of the 19th century led to the rise of the progressive Sultan Mahmud II and eventually to the Tanzimat period, which produced political reforms and allowed new technology to be introduced to the city. [ 74 ]
During the reign of Justinian I, the city rose to be the largest in the western world, with a population peaking at close to half a million people. [16] Constantinople functioned as the capital of the Byzantine Empire, which effectively ended with the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Constantinople then became the capital of the Ottoman Turks.
The Turkish Statistical Institute estimates that the population of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality was 14,377,019 at the end of 2014, hosting 19 percent of the country's population. [6] Then about 97–98% of the inhabitants of the metropolitan municipality were within city limits, up from 89% in 2007 [ 7 ] and 61% in 1980.
Bulgaria – The population of the territories forming modern Bulgaria grew from around 1.1 million in the year 700 to 2.6 million in 1365. [16] Constantinople – In 1203 the population of Constantinople stood 400,000 [17] to 500,000; when the Byzantines reclaimed the city in 1261 there were only about 35,000 inhabitants left. [18]
In 1867 the Council of States took charge of drawing population tables, increasing the precision of population records. They introduced new measures of recording population counts in 1874. This led to the establishment of a General Population Administration, attached to the Ministry of Interior in 1881–1882.
Map of Constantinople and the dispositions of the defenders and the besiegers. The army defending Constantinople was relatively small, totalling about 7,000 men, 2,000 of whom were foreigners. [note 4] The population decline also had a huge impact upon the Constantinople's defense capabilities. At the end of March 1453, emperor Constantine XI ...