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The stingray uses its paired pectoral fins for moving around. This is in contrast to sharks and most other fish, which get most of their swimming power from a single caudal (tail) fin. [25] Stingray pectoral fin locomotion can be divided into two categories, undulatory and oscillatory. [26]
The common stingray (Dasyatis pastinaca) is a species of stingray in the family Dasyatidae, found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean and Black Seas. It typically inhabits sandy or muddy habitats in coastal waters shallower than 60 m (200 ft), often burying itself in sediment.
Potamotrygon leopoldi is part of a species complex of blackish river rays with contrasting pale spots found in the Tapajós, Xingu and Tocantins basins [3]. River stingrays are almost circular in shape, and range in size from Potamotrygon wallacei, which reaches 31 cm (1.0 ft) in disc width, [9] to the chupare stingray (S. schmardae), which grows up to 2 m (6.6 ft) in disc width. [10]
A known parasite of freshwater Atlantic stingrays is Argulus, a fish louse that feeds on skin mucus. [3] Despite having a regular freshwater presence, the Atlantic stingray is physiologically euryhaline and no population has evolved the specialized osmoregulatory mechanisms found in the river stingrays of the family Potamotrygonidae.
The widest freshwater fish and the largest stingray in the world, this species grows up to 2.2 m (7.2 ft) across and can exceed 300 kg (660 lb) in weight. It has a relatively thin, oval pectoral fin disc that is widest anteriorly, and a sharply pointed snout with a protruding tip. Its tail is thin and whip-like, and lacks fin folds.
The pregnancy of a stingray living in a tank without male rays has stirred a sudden interest in parthenogenesis, a scientific term that essentially means virgin birth.
The southern stingray (Hypanus americanus) is a whiptail stingray found in tropical and subtropical waters of the Western Atlantic Ocean from New Jersey to southern Brazil. [2] It has a flat, diamond-shaped disc, with a mud brown, olive, and grey dorsal surface and white underbelly (ventral surface). [ 3 ]
Growing to a disc diameter of about 1.9 m (6.2 ft) and a weight of 220 kg (490 lb), with unconfirmed records of even larger specimens, [4] the short-tailed river stingray is the largest freshwater species in its family [3] and one of the heaviest strict freshwater fish in South America, only matched by the arapaima (Arapaima) and piraíba ...