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The basal-like carcinoma is a recently proposed subtype of breast cancer defined by its gene expression and protein expression profile. [1]Breast cancer can be divided into five molecular subtypes, including luminal subtype A, luminal subtype B, normal breast-like subtype, HER-2 overexpression subtype, and basal-like subtype. [2]
Staging systems are specific for each type of cancer (e.g., breast cancer and lung cancer), but some cancers do not have a staging system. Although competing staging systems still exist for some types of cancer, the universally-accepted staging system is that of the UICC, which has the same definitions of individual categories as the AJCC.
Treatment options are limited, although hematopoietic stem cell transplantations using bone marrow or cord blood seem to help in certain leukodystrophy types, while further research is being done. The combined incidence of the leukodystrophies is estimated at 1 in 7,600. [ 5 ]
Hereditary cancer syndromes underlie 5 to 10% of all cancers and there are over 50 identifiable hereditary forms of cancer. [5] Scientific understanding of cancer susceptibility syndromes is actively expanding: additional syndromes are being found, [6] the underlying biology is becoming clearer, and genetic testing is improving detection, treatment, and prevention of cancer syndromes. [7]
Staging breast cancer is the initial step to help physicians determine the most appropriate course of treatment. As of 2016, guidelines incorporated biologic factors, such as tumor grade, cellular proliferation rate, estrogen and progesterone receptor expression, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) expression, and gene expression profiling into the staging system.
The underlying purpose of staging is to describe the extent or severity of an individual's cancer, and to bring together cancers that have similar prognosis and treatment. [22] Staging of breast cancer is one aspect of breast cancer classification that assists in making appropriate treatment choices, when considered along with other ...
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