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The glycosaminoglycan side chains are polyanionic, which causes adjacent side chains to push each other away and create a "bottle brush", where hyaluronic acid is the stem and the side chains are the bristles. When pressure is exerted on the joint, fluids move between the chondrocytes and synovial fluid, exchanging nutrients. [4]
Pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID), or equine Cushing's disease, is an endocrine disease affecting the pituitary gland of horses. It is most commonly seen in older animals, [1] and is classically associated with the formation of a long, wavy coat and chronic laminitis.
Methylsulfonylmethane is marketed as a dietary supplement with medical claims ranging from anti-inflammatory effects for pain management, skin condition and aging treatments, and immune system modulation. [9] [10] [11] No medical uses for MSM have been approved and there is limited evidence to support most of the claims.
[1] [7] The estrogens in CEEs, in their unconjugated active forms, include bioidentical human estrogens like estradiol and estrone as well as equine-specific estrogens such as equilin and 17β-dihydroequilin. [1] [7] The equine estrogens differ from human estrogens in that they have additional double bonds in the B ring of the steroid nucleus.
A number of studies have measured the bioavailability of glucosamine after oral administration to horses. When given as a single oral dose (9 g) with or without chondroitin sulfate (3 g) to ten horses, glucosamine (hydrochloride) was detected in the blood with a maximum level of 10.6 ± 6.9 μg/mL at two hours after dosing. [47]
Equine estrogens, or horse estrogens, are estrogens found in horses. [1] [2] [3] ... Equine estrogens are found in the human medications conjugated estrogens ...
But the timing of equine domestication and the subsequent broad use of horse power has been a matter of contention. An analysis of genome data from 475 ancient horses and 77 modern ones is ...
There are also differences between programs over whether the horse is viewed as a co-facilitator, or simply as a tool. [19]: 287 The field of equine-assisted psychotherapy did not publicly become a part of the equine-assisted therapy world until the 1990s, although individuals had been experimenting with the concept prior to that time.