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Skeletal formula of tetracycline with atoms and four rings numbered and labeled. Tetracyclines are a group of broad-spectrum antibiotic compounds that have a common basic structure and are either isolated directly from several species of Streptomyces bacteria or produced semi-synthetically from those isolated compounds. [1]
Tetracyclines have a broad spectrum of antibiotic action. Originally, they possessed some level of bacteriostatic activity against almost all medically relevant aerobic and anaerobic bacterial genera, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative , with a few exceptions, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus spp. , which display intrinsic resistance.
TetR dimerizes by making hydrophobic contacts within the regulatory core. There is a binding cavity for tetracycline in the outer helices of the regulatory domain. When tetracycline binds this cavity, it causes a conformational change that affects the DNA-binding domain so that TetR is no longer able to bind DNA.
Eravacycline (TP-434, Xerava) is a synthetic halogenated tetracycline class antibiotic by Tetraphase Pharmaceuticals. It is closely related to tigecycline.It has a broad spectrum of activity including many multi-drug resistant strains of bacteria.
Narrow-spectrum antibiotics have low propensity to induce bacterial resistance and are less likely to disrupt the microbiome (normal microflora). [3] On the other hand, indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum antibiotics may not only induce the development of bacterial resistance and promote the emergency of multidrug-resistant organisms, but also cause off-target effects due to dysbiosis.
Oxytetracycline, like other tetracyclines, is used to treat many infections, both common and rare.Its better absorption profile makes it preferable to tetracycline for moderately severe acne at a dosage of 250–500 mg four times a day for usually six to eight weeks at a time, but alternatives should be sought if no improvement occurs by three months.
Rolitetracycline is a tetracycline antibiotic. [1] Tetracycline is N-Mannich base prodrug that is prepared from tetracycline by condensation with pyrrolidine and formaldehyde to produce rolitetracycline. Rolitetracycline is used as an antibacterial drug, a protein synthesis inhibitor, an antiprotozoal drug and a prodrug. [2] [3]
However, potential harm from antibiotics extends beyond selection of antimicrobial resistance and their overuse is associated with adverse effects for patients themselves, seen most clearly in critically ill patients in Intensive care units. [105] Self-prescribing of antibiotics is an example of misuse. [106]