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The US Standard ASHRAE 62.1-2007: Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality, only requires 4% of net floor area to be operable. This creates the potential for increased energy consumption where natural ventilation is provided by operable windows where supplemental air conditioning is provided, in addition to generally poor control over ventilation rates during hot summer or cold winter ...
EN 16034 is a set of European standards which specify the technical performance characteristics for fire resistant and smoke control products, such as fire doors. Compliance with this standard requires to fulfill the requirements of the Construction Product Regulation [1] for construction products (short CPR).
It can be via operable windows, louvers, or trickle vents when spaces are small and the architecture permits. ASHRAE defined Natural ventilation as the flow of air through open windows, doors, grilles, and other planned building envelope penetrations, and as being driven by natural and/or artificially produced pressure differentials. [1]
Most curtain wall glazing is fixed, meaning that there is no access to the exterior of the building except through doors. However, windows or vents can be glazed into the curtain wall system as well, to provide required ventilation or operable windows. Nearly any window type can be made to fit into a curtain wall system.
Depiction of New York World Building fire in New York City in 1882. Building codes in the United States are a collection of regulations and laws adopted by state and local jurisdictions that set “minimum requirements for how structural systems, plumbing, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (), natural gas systems and other aspects of residential and commercial buildings should be ...
Natural ventilation is the intentional passive flow of outdoor air into a building through planned openings (such as louvers, doors, and windows). Natural ventilation does not require mechanical systems to move outdoor air. Instead, it relies entirely on passive physical phenomena, such as wind pressure, or the stack effect. Natural ventilation ...
EN 1634-1 Access Portal: Fire resistance and smoke control tests for door and shutter assemblies, openable windows and elements of building hardware - Part 1: Fire resistance test for door and shutter assemblies and openable windows; Abstract DIN EN 15650:2010-09 Ventilation for buildings - Fire dampers; German version EN 15650:2010
A building code (also building control or building regulations) is a set of rules that specify the standards for construction objects such as buildings and non-building structures. Buildings must conform to the code to obtain planning permission , usually from a local council.