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The HACEK organisms are a normal part of the human microbiota, living in the oral-pharyngeal region. [2] The bacteria were originally grouped because they were thought to be a significant cause of infective endocarditis, but recent research has shown that they are rare and only responsible for 1.4–3.0% of all cases of this disease. [1]
It can also cause infections in insulin-dependent diabetics and intravenous drug users who lick their needles ("needle-licker's osteomyelitis"). [12] It is one of the HACEK group of infections which are a cause of culture-negative endocarditis. In general, the HACEK organisms are responsible for approximately 3% of all cases of infective ...
Infective endocarditis may also be classified as culture-positive or culture-negative. By far the most common cause of "culture-negative" endocarditis is prior administration of antibiotics and can occur in up to 31% of cases. [14] [7]
Fastidious Gram-negative bacteria such as Cardiobacterium hominis along with Eikenella corrodens and Kingella kingae mainly inhabiting in the oral and upper respiratory tract in humans are responsible for 1–3% of infective endocarditis. [18] Treatment of the disease involves third-generation cephalosporin with more than 80-90% success rate. [18]
Endocarditis is an inflammation of the inner layer of the heart, the endocardium.It usually involves the heart valves.Other structures that may be involved include the interventricular septum, the chordae tendineae, the mural endocardium, or the surfaces of intracardiac devices.
Corynebacterium endocarditis usually infects the left side of the heart in males, though C. amycolatum has shown a predilection for women. [4] While cases of disease have been small in number, this underreporting could be due to misdiagnosis of C. amycolatum as C. xerosis, which is a known human pathogen. [2] [5]
Streptococcus bovis is a group of strains of Gram-positive bacteria, originally described as a species, [5] [6] that in humans is associated with urinary tract infections, endocarditis, sepsis, [7] and colorectal cancer. [8] S. bovis is commonly found in the alimentary tract of cattle, sheep, and other ruminants, [9] and may cause ruminal acidosis.
Enterococcus faecium is a Gram-positive, gamma-hemolytic or non-hemolytic bacterium in the genus Enterococcus. [1] It can be commensal (innocuous, coexisting organism) in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals, [2] but it may also be pathogenic, causing diseases such as neonatal meningitis or endocarditis.