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  2. Endoscopic submucosal dissection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_submucosal...

    Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is an advanced surgical procedure using endoscopy to remove gastrointestinal tumors that have not entered the muscle layer. ESD may be done in the esophagus, stomach or colon. Application of endoscopic resection (ER) to gastrointestinal (GI) neoplasms is limited to lesions with no risk of nodal metastasis.

  3. Lateral internal sphincterotomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lateral_internal_sphincter...

    Lateral internal sphincterotomy is the preferred method of surgery for persons with chronic anal fissures, and is generally used when medical therapy has failed. [1] It is associated with a lower rate of side effects than older techniques such as posterior internal sphincterotomy and anoplasty, [3] and has also been shown to be superior to topical glyceryl trinitrate (GTN 0.2% ointment) in ...

  4. Sigmoidoscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigmoidoscopy

    Bleeding and puncture of the colon are possible complications of sigmoidoscopy. However, such complications are uncommon. Flexible sigmoidoscopy takes 10 to 20 minutes. During the procedure, the patient might feel pressure and slight cramping in the lower abdomen, but the patient will feel better afterward when the air leaves the colon.

  5. Endoscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopy

    An endoscopy is a simple procedure that allows a doctor to look inside human bodies using an instrument called an endoscope. A cutting tool can be attached to the end of the endoscope, and the apparatus can then be used to perform minor procedures such as tissue biopsies, banding of oesophageal varices or removal of polyps.

  6. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

    Any additional procedures are performed at this stage. The air in the stomach is aspirated before removing the endoscope. Still photographs can be made during the procedure and later shown to the patient to help explain any findings. In its most basic use, the endoscope is used to inspect the internal anatomy of the digestive tract.

  7. List of side effects of estradiol - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_side_effects_of...

    List of side effects of estradiol which may occur as a result of its use or have been associated with estrogen and/or progestogen therapy includes: [1] [2]. Gynecological: changes in vaginal bleeding, dysmenorrhea, increase in size of uterine leiomyomata, vaginitis including vaginal candidiasis, changes in cervical secretion and cervical ectropion, ovarian cancer, endometrial hyperplasia ...

  8. Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endoscopic_thoracic...

    Endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS) is a surgical procedure in which a portion of the sympathetic nerve trunk in the thoracic region is destroyed. [1] [2] ETS is used to treat excessive sweating in certain parts of the body (focal hyperhidrosis), facial flushing, Raynaud's disease and reflex sympathetic dystrophy.

  9. Hartmann's operation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartmann's_operation

    A proctosigmoidectomy, Hartmann's operation or Hartmann's procedure is the surgical resection of the rectosigmoid colon with closure of the anorectal stump and formation of an end colostomy. It was used to treat colon cancer or inflammation (proctosigmoiditis, proctitis, diverticulitis , volvulus , etc.).