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For example, those used in the Gravity Probe B experiment measured changes in gyroscope spin axis orientation to better than 0.5 milliarcseconds (1.4 × 10 −7 degrees) over a one-year period. [2] This is equivalent to an angular separation the width of a human hair viewed from 32 kilometers (20 miles) away.
Podkletnov's first peer-reviewed paper on the apparent gravity-modification effect, published in 1992, attracted little notice. [3] In 1996, he submitted a longer paper, in which he claimed to have observed a larger effect (2% weight reduction as opposed to 0.3% in the 1992 paper) to the Journal of Physics D.
He co-edited the book, Iron-based Superconductors: Materials, Properties and Mechanisms, and is the recipient of Heike Kamerlingh, Onnes Prize. [2] He also made contributions to topological spin excitations in honeycomb/kogome lattice magnets and studied spin dynamics in colossal magnetoresistance manganites.
Conversely, a spinning superconductor generates a magnetic field, precisely aligned with the spin axis. The effect, the London moment, was put to good use in Gravity Probe B . This experiment measured the magnetic fields of four superconducting gyroscopes to determine their spin axes.
In condensed matter physics, a quantum spin liquid is a phase of matter that can be formed by interacting quantum spins in certain magnetic materials. Quantum spin liquids (QSL) are generally characterized by their long-range quantum entanglement, fractionalized excitations, and absence of ordinary magnetic order.
For crossed Andreev reflection to occur, electrons of opposite spin must exist at each normal electrode (so as to form the pair in the superconductor). If the normal material is a ferromagnet this may be guaranteed by creating opposite spin polarization via the application of a magnetic field to normal electrodes of differing coercivity.
A magnetic field can be applied to induce Zeeman coupling to spin polarize the wire and break Kramers degeneracy. [8] The superconducting gap can be induced using Andreev reflection, by putting the wire in the proximity to a superconductor. [8] [9] Realizations using 3D topological insulators have also been proposed. [9]
Superconductivity in UTe 2 appears to be a consequence of triplet electrons spin-pairing. [2] The material acts as a topological superconductor, stably conducting electricity without resistance even in high magnetic fields. [1] It has superconducting transition temperature at Tc= 2K. [3]