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  2. Salt (cryptography) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_(cryptography)

    The salt and hash are then stored in the database. To later test if a password a user enters is correct, the same process can be performed on it (appending that user's salt to the password and calculating the resultant hash): if the result does not match the stored hash, it could not have been the correct password that was entered.

  3. PBKDF2 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PBKDF2

    The bcrypt password hashing function requires a larger amount of RAM (but still not tunable separately, i.e. fixed for a given amount of CPU time) and is significantly stronger against such attacks, [13] while the more modern scrypt key derivation function can use arbitrarily large amounts of memory and is therefore more resistant to ASIC and ...

  4. SHA-1 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SHA-1

    However, even a secure password hash can't prevent brute-force attacks on weak passwords. See Password cracking . In the case of document signing, an attacker could not simply fake a signature from an existing document: The attacker would have to produce a pair of documents, one innocuous and one damaging, and get the private key holder to sign ...

  5. Key stretching - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key_stretching

    These examples assume that a consumer CPU can do about 65,000 SHA-1 hashes in one second. Thus, a program that uses key stretching can use 65,000 rounds of hashes and delay the user for at most one second. Testing a trial password or passphrase typically requires one hash operation.

  6. Time-based one-time password - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_One-Time_Password

    Time-based one-time password (TOTP) is a computer algorithm that generates a one-time password (OTP) using the current time as a source of uniqueness. As an extension of the HMAC-based one-time password algorithm (HOTP), it has been adopted as Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standard RFC 6238 .

  7. Cryptographic hash function - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function

    Common graphics processing units can try billions of possible passwords each second. Password hash functions that perform key stretching – such as PBKDF2, scrypt or Argon2 – commonly use repeated invocations of a cryptographic hash to increase the time (and in some cases computer memory) required to perform brute-force attacks on stored ...

  8. HMAC - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMAC

    HMAC-SHA1 generation. In cryptography, an HMAC (sometimes expanded as either keyed-hash message authentication code or hash-based message authentication code) is a specific type of message authentication code (MAC) involving a cryptographic hash function and a secret cryptographic key.

  9. Microsoft Office password protection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Office_password...

    A password to encrypt a document restricts opening and viewing it. This is possible in all Microsoft Office applications. Since Office 2007, they are hard to break if a sufficiently complex password was chosen. [citation needed] If the password can be determined through social engineering, the underlying cipher is not important.