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For a fully oriented molecule, the dipolar coupling for an 1 H-15 N amide group would be over 20 kHz, and a pair of protons separated by 5 Å would have up to ~1 kHz coupling. However the degree of alignment achieved by applying magnetic field is so low that the largest 1 H- 15 N or 1 H- 13 C dipolar couplings are <5 Hz. [ 19 ]
Magnetic dipole–dipole interaction, also called dipolar coupling, refers to the direct interaction between two magnetic dipoles. Roughly speaking, the magnetic field of a dipole goes as the inverse cube of the distance, and the force of its magnetic field on another dipole goes as the first derivative of the magnetic field. It follows that ...
The Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) is a widely used mathematical model that describes soil erosion processes. [1]Erosion models play critical roles in soil and water resource conservation and nonpoint source pollution assessments, including: sediment load assessment and inventory, conservation planning and design for sediment control, and for the advancement of scientific understanding.
There are dozens of erosion prediction models.Some models focus on long-term (natural or geological) erosion, as a component of landscape evolution.However, many erosion models were developed to quantify the effects of accelerated soil erosion i.e. soil erosion as influenced by human activity.
The Heisenberg model is a more realistic model in that it treats the spins quantum-mechanically, by replacing the spin by a quantum operator acting upon the tensor product (), of dimension . To define it, recall the Pauli spin-1/2 matrices
WEELS ("Wind Erosion on European Light Soils") was a research project funded as part of the EU Environment and Climate Programme, intended to develop a small-scale model of wind erosion at the level of individual farms and fields, based on research at three test sites in Lower Saxony, Scania, and Suffolk.
The Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model is a physically based erosion simulation model built on the fundamentals of hydrology, plant science, hydraulics, and erosion mechanics. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The model was developed by an interagency team of scientists to replace the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) and has been widely used in the ...
The main idea behind the provisions is that the soil-structure system can be replaced with an equivalent fixed-base model with a longer period and usually a larger damping ratio. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Most of the design codes use oversimplified design spectra, which attain constant acceleration up to a certain period, and thereafter decreases ...