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into exo and endo ring closures, depending whether the bond broken during the ring closure is inside (endo) or outside (exo) the ring that is being formed into tet , trig and dig geometry of the atom being attacked, depending on whether this electrophilic carbon is tet rahedral ( sp 3 hybridised ), trig onal ( sp 2 hybridised ) or diag onal ...
In thermodynamics, the enthalpy of sublimation, or heat of sublimation, is the heat required to sublimate (change from solid to gas) one mole of a substance at a given combination of temperature and pressure, usually standard temperature and pressure (STP). It is equal to the cohesive energy of the solid.
Sublimation is caused by the absorption of heat which provides enough energy for some molecules to overcome the attractive forces of their neighbors and escape into the vapor phase. Since the process requires additional energy, sublimation is an endothermic change.
A necessary condition for thermodynamic control is reversibility or a mechanism permitting the equilibration between products. Reactions are considered to take place under thermodynamic reaction control when the reverse reaction is sufficiently rapid that the equilibrium establishes itself within the allotted reaction time. In this way, the ...
An endothermic process may be a chemical process, such as dissolving ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3) in water (H 2 O), or a physical process, such as the melting of ice cubes. [5] The opposite of an endothermic process is an exothermic process, one that releases or "gives out" energy, usually in the form of heat and sometimes as electrical energy. [1]
another definition sublimation is a type of evaporation in which a solid changes directly to a gas without going through a liquid state. The definition in the article should read: "Sublimation of an element or compound is the direct transition from the solid to the gas phase".
Evidence for the retro-Diels–Alder reaction was provided by the observation of endo-exo isomerization of Diels–Alder adducts. [6] It was postulated that at high temperatures, isomerization of kinetic endo adducts to more thermodynamically stable exo products occurred via an rDA/DA sequence. However, such isomerization may take place via a ...
Convection (or convective heat transfer) is the transfer of heat from one place to another due to the movement of fluid. Although often discussed as a distinct method of heat transfer, convective heat transfer involves the combined processes of conduction (heat diffusion) and advection (heat transfer by bulk fluid flow ).