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Black phosphorus has an orthorhombic pleated honeycomb structure and is the least reactive allotrope, a result of its lattice of interlinked six-membered rings where each atom is bonded to three other atoms. [22] [23] In this structure, each phosphorus atom has five outer shell electrons. [24]
In this sense, red phosphorus is not an allotrope, but rather an intermediate phase between the white and violet phosphorus, and most of its properties have a range of values. For example, freshly prepared, bright red phosphorus is highly reactive and ignites at about 300 °C (572 °F), [ 22 ] though it is more stable than white phosphorus ...
White phosphorus, yellow phosphorus, or simply tetraphosphorus (P 4) is an allotrope of phosphorus. It is a translucent waxy solid that quickly yellows in light (due to its photochemical conversion into red phosphorus ), [ 2 ] and impure white phosphorus is for this reason called yellow phosphorus.
White phosphorus is also the most common, industrially important, and easily reproducible allotrope, and for these reasons is regarded as the standard state of phosphorus. The most stable form is the black allotrope, which is a metallic looking, brittle and relatively non-reactive semiconductor (unlike the white allotrope, which has a white or ...
White phosphorus is the most common, industrially important, and easily reproducible allotrope. For those reasons it is the standard state of the element. Paradoxically, it is also thermodynamically the least stable, as well as the most volatile and reactive form. It gradually changes to red phosphorus.
Notably, white phosphorus, the most common allotrope of phosphorus, is tetrahedral with the molecular formula P 4. [7] Arsenic can also exist as a metastable tetrahedral allotrope, As 4, known as yellow arsenic. Furthermore, mixed tetrahedral pnictogen molecules have been synthesized, such as AsP 3 [8] and, more recently, (PbBi 3)-. [9]
It consists of a single layer of black phosphorus, the most stable allotrope of phosphorus. [1] Phosphorene is analogous [ 2 ] to graphene (single layer graphite ). Among two-dimensional materials , phosphorene is a competitor to graphene because it has a nonzero fundamental band gap that can be modulated by strain and the number of layers in a ...
White phosphorus, an allotrope of phosphorus, is toxic, with 1 mg per kg bodyweight being a lethal dose. [12] White phosphorus usually kills humans within a week of ingestion by attacking the liver. Breathing in phosphorus in its gaseous form can cause an industrial disease called "phossy jaw", which eats away the jawbone. White phosphorus is ...