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Initially the countercurrent exchange mechanism and its properties were proposed in 1951 by professor Werner Kuhn and two of his former students who called the mechanism found in the loop of Henle in mammalian kidneys a Countercurrent multiplier [14] and confirmed by laboratory findings in 1958 by Professor Carl W. Gottschalk. [15]
A countercurrent mechanism system is a mechanism that expends energy to create a concentration gradient. It is found widely in nature and especially in mammalian organs. For example, it can refer to the process that is underlying the process of urine concentration, that is, the production of hyperosmotic urine by the mammalian kidney .
English: The exchange of heat in this diagram (1) is an example of countercurrent exchange. In this example the cold water requires the birds circulatory system to recycle heat and minimize heat loss through the skin.
A countercurrent exchange system is utilized between the venous and arterial capillaries. Lowering the pH levels in the venous capillaries causes oxygen to unbind from blood hemoglobin because of the Root effect. This causes an increase in venous blood oxygen partial pressure, allowing the oxygen to diffuse through the capillary membrane and ...
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For a balanced counter-current flow heat exchanger (balanced meaning =, which is a scenario desirable to enable irreversible entropy production to be reduced given sufficient heat transfer area): ϵ = N T U 1 + N T U {\displaystyle \epsilon \ ={\frac {NTU}{1+NTU}}}
A high-performance countercurrent chromatography system. Countercurrent chromatography (CCC, also counter-current chromatography) is a form of liquid–liquid chromatography that uses a liquid stationary phase that is held in place by inertia of the molecules composing the stationary phase accelerating toward the center of a centrifuge due to centripetal force [1] and is used to separate ...
Countercurrent distribution, therefore, is a method of using a series of vessels (separatory funnels) to separate compounds by a sequence of liquid-liquid extraction operations. Contrary to liquid-liquid extraction, in the CCD instruments the upper phase is decanted from the lower phase once the phases have settled.