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Umber is a natural earth pigment consisting of iron oxide and manganese oxide; it has a brownish color that can vary among shades of yellow, red, and green. [ 3 ] : 39 Umber is considered one of the oldest pigments known to humans, first seen in Ajanta Caves in 200 BC – 600 AD.
Burnt Umber #805533 128 85 51 1903–1944 Apricot #FDD5B1 253 213 177 1958–present No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Almond #EED9C4 238 217 196 1998–present No No No No No Yes Raw Umber #665233 102 82 51 1903–1990 Shadow #837050 131 112 80 1998–present No No No No No Yes Raw Sienna (I) #E6BC5C 230 188 92 1903–circa 1910 Gold (I) #92926E 146
Burnt umber is made by heating raw umber, which dehydrates the iron oxides and changes them partially to the more reddish hematite. It is used for both oil and water color paint. At a hue of 9, it is classified as a red-brown. The first recorded use of burnt umber as a color name in English was in 1650. [5]
Raw umber (PBr7): a natural clay pigment consisting of iron oxide, manganese oxide and aluminum oxide: Fe 2 O 3 + MnO 2 + n H 2 O + SiO 2 + Al 2 O 3. When calcined (heated) it is referred to as burnt umber and has more intense colors. Raw sienna (PBr7): a naturally occurring yellow-brown pigment
Sienna is lighter in shade than raw umber, which is also clay with iron oxide, but which has a significantly higher content of manganese (5 to 20 percent) making it greenish brown or dark brown in color. When heated, raw umber becomes burnt umber, a very dark brown. [8]
Raw umber and burnt umber are two of the oldest pigments used by humans. Umber is a brown clay, containing a large amount of iron oxide and between five and twenty percent manganese oxide, which give the color. Its shade varies from a greenish brown to a dark brown.