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Schematic of the HPA axis (CRH, corticotropin-releasing hormone; ACTH, adrenocorticotropic hormone) Hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA axis or HTPA axis) is a complex set of direct influences and feedback interactions among three components: the hypothalamus (a part of the brain located below the thalamus), the pituitary gland (a ...
Human platelet antigens (HPA) are polymorphisms in platelet antigens.These can stimulate production of alloantibodies (that is, antibodies against other people's antigens) in recipients of transfused platelets from donors with different HPAs.
Stress can also result in inheritable changes DNA methylation in the promoter regions of the estrogen receptor alpha (ERα), [5] glucocorticoid receptor (GR), [1] and mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). [6] These changes lead to altered expression of these genes in offspring that in turn leads to decreased stress tolerance.
A combined rapid anterior pituitary evaluation panel or triple bolus test or a dynamic pituitary function test is a medical diagnostic procedure used to assess a patient's pituitary function. A triple bolus test is usually ordered and interpreted by endocrinologists. [citation needed] In rare cases, it has been associated with pituitary ...
It is believed that chronic stress enhances the negative feedback inhibition of the HPA axis, resulting in lower CRH levels and HPA function. [10] [11] [12] Abnormally high levels of CRH have been found in people with major depression, [13] [6] and in the cerebrospinal fluid of people who have committed suicide. [14]
Frequent stress: the magnitude and frequency of response to stress is what determines the level of allostatic load which affects the body. Failed shut-down: the inability of the body to shut off while stress accelerates and levels in the body exceed normal levels, for example, elevated blood pressure.
The nuclear stress test exhibits a sensitivity of 81% and a specificity ranging from 85 to 95%. [22] To arrive at the patient's post test likelihood of disease, the interpretation of the stress test result necessitates the integration of the patient's pretest likelihood with the test's sensitivity and specificity.
The ristocetin-induced platelet aggregation (RIPA) is an ex vivo assay for live platelet function.It measures platelet aggregation with the help of von Willebrand factor (vWF) and exogenous antibiotic ristocetin added in a graded fashion. [1]