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The Punnett square is a tabular summary of possible combinations of maternal alleles with paternal alleles. [9] These tables can be used to examine the genotypical outcome probabilities of the offspring of a single trait (allele), or when crossing multiple traits from the parents.
Here the relation between genotype and phenotype is illustrated, using a Punnett square, for the character of petal color in pea plants. The letters B and b represent genes for color, and the pictures show the resultant phenotypes. This shows how multiple genotypes (BB and Bb) may yield the same phenotype (purple petals).
Punnett square for three-allele case (left) and four-allele case (right). White areas are homozygotes. Colored areas are heterozygotes. Consider an extra allele frequency, r. The two-allele case is the binomial expansion of (p + q) 2, and thus the three-allele case is the trinomial expansion of (p + q + r) 2.
Punnett squares for each combination of parents' color vision status giving probabilities of their offsprings' status, each cell having 25% probability in theory Since the affected opsin genes ( OPN1LW and OPN1MW ) are on the X chromosome, they are sex-linked , and therefore affect males and females disproportionately.
Punnett is probably best remembered today as the creator of the Punnett square, a tool still used by biologists to predict the probability of possible genotypes of offspring. His Mendelism (1905) is sometimes said to have been the first textbook on genetics; it was probably the first popular science book to introduce genetics to the public.
Punnett square of the possible genotypes and phenotypes of children given genotypes and phenotypes of their mother (rows) and father (columns) shaded by phenotype. Blood groups are inherited from both parents. The ABO blood type is controlled by a single gene (the ABO gene) with three types of alleles inferred from classical genetics: i, I A ...
Description: Punnett square of the possible genotypes and phenotypes of children given the genotypes and phenotypes of their mothers (rows) and fathers (columns) shaded by phenotypes (A: amber, B: blue, AB: green and O: grey) by CMG Lee.
Punnett square depicting a cross between two pea plants heterozygous for purple (B) and white (b) blossoms Genetics is the scientific study of inheritance. [ 67 ] [ 68 ] [ 69 ] Mendelian inheritance , specifically, is the process by which genes and traits are passed on from parents to offspring. [ 29 ]