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Attachment in children is "a biological instinct in which proximity to an attachment figure is sought when the child senses or perceives threat or discomfort. Attachment behaviour anticipates a response by the attachment figure which will remove threat or discomfort".
For someone with fearful avoidant attachment style (also known simply as "fearful attachment"), relationship anxiety and self-doubt overwhelms and jeopardizes healthy connections with others. But ...
Like dismissive-avoidant adults, fearful-avoidant adults tend to seek less intimacy, suppressing their feelings. [8] [121] [122] [123] According to research studies, an individual with a fearful avoidant attachment might have had childhood trauma or persistently negative perceptions and actions from their family members.
Avoidant attachment, for example, can be disclosed by a child refusing to acknowledge the attachment issue presented in the story stem (through claiming that the event did not take place). A child may also avoid addressing attachment by focusing solely on minor details, such as how the protagonist is dressed.
Therapists outline the four different attachment styles—secure, anxious, avoidant, and fearful-avoidant—plus how to identify yours, cope, and change it.
Internal working models are considered to result out of generalized representations of past events between attachment figure and the child. [11] [2] [3] Thus, in forming an internal working model a child takes into account past experiences with the caregiver as well as the outcomes of past attempts to establish contact with the caregiver. [3]
John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth developed the attachment theory in the 1960s while investigating the effects of maternal separation on infant development. [4] The development of the Strange Situation task in 1965 by Ainsworth and Wittig allowed researchers to systematically investigate the attachment system operating between children and their parents. [5]
Much like the attachment styles identified in infants, there were four attachment styles identified for adults. These styles are secure, anxious -preoccupied, dismissive-avoidant, and fearful-avoidant. [32] These attachment theories can influence adults differently in their romantic lives.