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The alignment is the route of the road, defined as a series of horizontal tangents and curves. The profile is the vertical aspect of the road, including crest and sag curves, and the straight grade lines connecting them. The cross section shows the position and number of vehicle and bicycle lanes and sidewalks, along with their cross slope or ...
Road curves are irregular bends in roads to bring a gradual change of direction. Similar curves are on railways and canals. Curves provided in the horizontal plane are known as horizontal curves and are generally circular or parabolic. Curves provided in the vertical plane are known as vertical curve.
Too tight a 'crest' curve could result in the train leaving the track as it drops away beneath it; too tight a 'trough' and the train will plough downwards into the rails and damage them. More precisely, the support force R exerted by the track on a train as a function of the curve radius r, the train mass m, and the speed v, is given by
Since rail routes have very large radii, they are laid out in chords, as the difference to the arc is inconsequential; this made work easier before electronic calculators became available. The 100 feet (30.48 m) is called a station, used to define length along a road or other alignment, annotated as stations plus feet 1+00, 2+00, etc. Metric ...
There are four main components of a chute spillway: [1] The elements of a spillway are the inlet, the vertical curve section (ogee curve), the steep-sloped channel and the outlet. In order to avoid a hydraulic jump , the slope of the spillway must be steep enough for the flow to remain supercritical.
The above relation is a line equation in the P/Q versus Q plane. Consequently, a linear regression on the data points gives us an estimate of the line slope calculated by -k/URR and intercept from which we can derive the Hubbert curve parameters: The k parameter is the intercept of the vertical axis. The URR value is the intercept of the ...
Depending on context, wave height may be defined in different ways: For a sine wave, the wave height H is twice the amplitude (i.e., the peak-to-peak amplitude): [1] =.; For a periodic wave, it is simply the difference between the maximum and minimum of the surface elevation z = η(x – c p t): [1] = {()} {()}, with c p the phase speed (or propagation speed) of the wave.
In mathematics, the vertical line test is a visual way to determine if a curve is a graph of a function or not. A function can only have one output, y , for each unique input, x . If a vertical line intersects a curve on an xy -plane more than once then for one value of x the curve has more than one value of y , and so, the curve does not ...