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Lighting and reflection calculations, as in the video game OpenArena, use the fast inverse square root code to compute angles of incidence and reflection.. Fast inverse square root, sometimes referred to as Fast InvSqrt() or by the hexadecimal constant 0x5F3759DF, is an algorithm that estimates , the reciprocal (or multiplicative inverse) of the square root of a 32-bit floating-point number in ...
Download QR code; Print/export Download as PDF; ... In computing and telecommunications, bit inversion means the changing of the state of a bit or binary number to ...
For example, when shifting a 32 bit unsigned integer, a shift amount of 32 or higher would be undefined. Example: If the variable ch contains the bit pattern 11100101, then ch >> 1 will produce the result 01110010, and ch >> 2 will produce 00111001. Here blank spaces are generated simultaneously on the left when the bits are shifted to the right.
The value of n >>> s is n right-shifted s bit positions with zero-extension. In bit and shift operations, the type byte is implicitly converted to int. If the byte value is negative, the highest bit is one, then ones are used to fill up the extra bytes in the int. So byte b1 =-5; int i = b1 | 0x0200; will result in i == -5.
Therefore inversion of the values of bits is done by XORing them with a 1. If the original bit was 1, it returns 1 XOR 1 = 0. If the original bit was 0 it returns 0 XOR 1 = 1. Also note that XOR masking is bit-safe, meaning that it will not affect unmasked bits because Y XOR 0 = Y, just like an OR. Example: Toggling bit values
If inline assembly language code is used, then an instruction that counts the number of 1's or 0's in the operand might be available; an operand with exactly one '1' bit is a power of 2. However, such an instruction may have greater latency than the bitwise method above.
The elementary functions are constructed by composing arithmetic operations, the exponential function (), the natural logarithm (), trigonometric functions (,), and their inverses. The complexity of an elementary function is equivalent to that of its inverse, since all elementary functions are analytic and hence invertible by means of Newton's ...
Circular shifts are used often in cryptography in order to permute bit sequences. Unfortunately, many programming languages, including C, do not have operators or standard functions for circular shifting, even though virtually all processors have bitwise operation instructions for it (e.g. Intel x86 has ROL and ROR).